Biography of Oliver Hazard Perry, American Naval Hero

Oliver Hazard Perry (August 23, 1785–August 23, 1819) was an American naval hero of the War of 1812, famous for being the victor of the Battle of Lake Erie. Perrys victory against the British ensured U.S. control of the Northwest. Fast Facts: Oliver Hazard Perry Known For: War of 1812 naval hero, victor of the Battle of Lake ErieAlso Known As: Commodore PerryBorn: August 23, 1785 in South Kingstown,  Rhode IslandParents: Christopher Perry, Sarah PerryDied: August 23, 1819 in TrinidadAwards and Honors: Congressional Gold Medal (1814)Spouse: Elizabeth Champlin Mason (May 5, 1811–August 23, 1819)Children: Christopher Grant Champlin, Oliver Hazard Perry II, Oliver Hazard Perry, Jr., Christopher Raymond, Elizabeth MasonNotable Quote: We have met the enemy and they are ours. Early Years Perry was born on August 23, 1785, in South Kingstown, Rhode Island. He was the eldest of eight children born to Christopher and Sarah Perry. Among his younger siblings was Matthew Calbraith Perry who would later gain fame for opening Japan to the West. Raised in Rhode Island, Perry received his early education from his mother, including how to read and write. A member of a seafaring family, his father had served aboard privateers during the American Revolution and was commissioned as a captain in the U.S. Navy in 1799. Given command of the frigate USS General Greene (30 guns), Christopher Perry soon obtained a midshipmans warrant for his eldest son. The Quasi-War Officially appointed a midshipman on April 7, 1799, the 13-year old Perry reported aboard his fathers ship and saw extensive service during the Quasi-War with France. First sailing in June, the frigate escorted a convoy to Havana, Cuba where a large number of the crew contracted yellow fever. Returning north, Perry and  General Greene then received orders to take station off  Cap‑Franà §ais, San Domingo (present-day Haiti). From this position, it worked to protect and re-capture American merchant ships and later played a role in the Haitian Revolution. This included blockading the port of Jacmel and providing naval gunfire support for General Toussaint Louvertures forces ashore. Barbary Wars With the end of hostilities in September 1800, the elder Perry prepared to retire. Pushing ahead with his naval career, Perry saw action during the First Barbary War (1801–1805). Assigned to the frigate USS Adams, he traveled to the Mediterranean. An acting lieutenant in 1805, Perry commanded the schooner USS Nautilus as part of a flotilla assigned to support of William Eaton and First Lieutenant Presley OBannons campaign ashore, which culminated with the Battle of Derna. USS Revenge Returning to the United States at the end of the war, Perry was placed on leave for 1806 and 1807 before receiving an assignment to construct flotillas of gunboats along the New England coast. Returning to Rhode Island, he was soon bored by this duty. Perrys fortunes changed in April 1809 when he received command of the schooner USS Revenge. For the remainder of the year, Revenge cruised in the Atlantic as part of Commodore John Rodgers squadron. Ordered south in 1810, Perry had Revenge refitted at the Washington Navy Yard. Departing, the ship was badly damaged in a storm off Charleston, South Carolina that July. Working to enforce the Embargo Act, Perrys health was negatively affected by the heat of southern waters. That fall, Revenge was ordered north to conduct harbor surveys of New London, Connecticut, Newport, Rhode Island, and Gardiners Bay, New York. On January 9, 1811, Revenge ran aground off Rhode Island. Unable to free the vessel, it was abandoned and Perry worked to rescue his crew before departing himself. A subsequent court-martial cleared him of any wrongdoing in Revenges loss and placed blame for the ships grounding on the pilot. Taking some leave, Perry married Elizabeth Champlin Mason on May 5. Returning from his honeymoon, he remained unemployed for nearly a year. War of 1812 Begins As relations with Great Britain began to deteriorate in May 1812, Perry began actively seeking a sea-going assignment. With the outbreak of the War of 1812 the following month, Perry received command of gunboat flotilla at Newport, Rhode Island. Over the next several months, Perry grew frustrated as his comrades aboard frigates such as USS Constitution and USS United States gained glory and fame. Though promoted to master commandant in October 1812, Perry wished to see active service and began relentlessly badgering the Navy Department for a sea-going assignment. To Lake Erie Unable to achieve his goal, he contacted his friend Commodore Isaac Chauncey who was commanding U.S. Naval forces on the Great Lakes. Desperate for experienced officers and men, Chauncey secured Perry a transfer to the lakes in February 1813. Reaching Chaunceys headquarters at Sackets Harbor, New York, on March 3, Perry remained there for two weeks as his superior was expecting a British attack. When this failed to materialize, Chauncey directed him to take command of the small fleet being built on Lake Erie by Daniel Dobbins and noted New York shipbuilder Noah Brown. Building a Fleet Arriving at Erie, Pennsylvania, Perry commenced a naval building race with his British counterpart Commander Robert Barclay. Working tirelessly through the summer, Perry, Dobbins, and Brown ultimately constructed a fleet that included the brigs USS Lawrence and USS Niagara, as well as seven smaller vessels: USS Ariel, USS Caledonia, USS Scorpion, USS Somers, USS Porcupine, USS Tigress, and USS Trippe. Floating the two brigs over Presque Isles sandbar with the aid of wooden camels on July 29, Perry commenced fitting out his fleet. With the two brigs ready for sea, Perry obtained additional seamen from Chauncey including a group of around 50 men from Constitution, which was undergoing a refit at Boston. Departing Presque Isle in early September, Perry met with  General William Henry Harrison at Sandusky, Ohio before taking effective control of the lake. From this position, he was able to prevent supplies from reaching the British base at Amherstburg. Perry commanded the squadron from Lawrence, which flew a blue battle flag emblazoned with Captain James Lawrences immortal command, Dont Give Up the Ship. Lieutenant Jesse Elliot, Perrys executive officer, commanded Niagara. Battle of Lake Erie On September 10, Perrys fleet engaged Barclay at the Battle of Lake Erie. In the course of the fighting, Lawrence was nearly overwhelmed by the British squadron and Elliot was late in entering the fray with Niagara. With Lawrence in a battered state, Perry boarded a small boat and transferred to Niagara. Coming aboard, he ordered Elliot to take the boat to hasten the arrival of several American gunboats. Charging forward, Perry used Niagara to turn the tide of the battle and succeeded in capturing Barclays flagship, HMS Detroit, as well as the rest of the British squadron. Writing to Harrison ashore, Perry reported, We have met the enemy and they are ours. Following the triumph, Perry ferried Harrisons Army of the Northwest to Detroit, where it began its advance into Canada. This campaign culminated in the American victory at the Battle of the Thames on October 5, 1813. In the wake of the action, no conclusive explanation was given as to why Elliot delayed in entering the battle. Hailed as a hero, Perry was promoted to captain and briefly returned to Rhode Island. Postwar Controversies In July 1814, Perry was given command of the new frigate USS Java, which was then under construction at Baltimore. Overseeing this work, he was present in the city during the British attacks on North Point and Fort McHenry that September. Standing by his unfinished ship, Perry was initially fearful that he would have to burn it to prevent capture. Following the British defeat, Perry endeavored to complete Java but the frigate would not be finished until after the war ended. Sailing in 1815, Perry took part in the Second Barbary War and aided in bringing the pirates in that region to heel. While in the Mediterranean, Perry and Javas Marine officer, John Heath, had an argument that led to the former slapping the latter. Both were court-martialed and officially reprimanded. Returning to the United States in 1817, they fought a duel which saw neither injured. This period also saw a renewal of the controversy over Elliots behavior on Lake Erie. After an exchange of angry letters, Elliot challenged Perry to a duel. Declining, Perry instead filed charges against Elliot for conduct unbecoming an officer and failure to do his utmost in the face of the enemy. Final Mission and Death Recognizing the potential scandal that would ensue if the court-martial moved forward, the secretary of the Navy asked President James Monroe to address the issue. Not wishing to sully to the reputation of two nationally-known and politically-connected officers, Monroe diffused the situation by ordering Perry to conduct a key diplomatic mission to South America. Sailing aboard the frigate USS John Adams in June 1819, Perry arrived off the Orinoco River a month later. Ascending the river aboard USS Nonsuch, he reached Angostura where he conducted meetings with Simon Bolivar. Concluding their business, Perry departed on August 11. While sailing down the river, he was stricken with yellow fever. During the voyage, Perrys condition rapidly worsened and he died off the Port of Spain, Trinidad on August 23, 1819, having turned 34 that day. Following his death, Perrys body was transported back to the United States and buried in Newport, Rhode Island. Sources â€Å"Oliver Hazard Perry.†Ã‚  American Battlefield Trust, 5 May 2017.â€Å"Oliver Hazard Perry.†Ã‚  Naval History and Heritage Command.â€Å"Battle of Lake Erie.†Ã‚  Oliver Hazard Perry Rhode Island.

The Political Ideologies Of Bakunin s Bolshevism And...

The political ideologies of Bakunin’s Anarchism, Lenin’s Bolshevism and Hayek’s Neoliberalism all offer a critique of the state. Upon comparing and contrasting these ideologies a surprising similarity, as well as several differences reveal themselves. The lone similarity of the political philosophies of Bakunin, Lenin and Hayek is that the capitalist state is the protector and enforcer of property rights. Agreement between the three ends there as they all diverge on the issue of whether the state taking an active role in enforcing society’s property relations is justifiable or oppressive. Furthermore, they all offer contrasting definitions of the state and its’ functions. Another difference is what alterations should be made to the state for a better society and how changes can be enforced. Bakunin advocates for no state; Lenin advises eliminating the capitalist state and temporarily replacing it with a socialist state to usher in communism before h aving no state; Hayek promotes the idea that the state is a necessary evil that is always gradually evolving and attempting to better suit society. Hindsight into the shortcomings associated with Bakunin’s and Lenin’s ideologies, and the logic he applies in discussing the state as a necessary component of any functioning society make Hayek’s Neoliberalism the most practical political ideology. Bakunin, Lenin and Hayek all agree that the state offers a protective shield over capitalism to allow the economy to perpetuate itself.

The Doctrinal Basis Of Liability free essay sample

There are three areas of doctrine of importance to banks. The first concerns the general standard of care the law expects, once a duty of care has been established, whether that be in contract, tort, or fiduciary law. Then the potential liability of a bank is explored as a fiduciary, constructive trustee, or an accessory. Finally, there is brief mention of some emerging standards of liability which have primarily a statutory base. 1. 1. Reasonable Care and Skill A duty of reasonable care and skill for anyone providing a service (including giving advice) runs through contract, tort, and fiduciary law. After a mass of conflicting case law, notably the challenge to concurrent liability in contract and tort posed by the banking case, Tai Hing Cotton Mill Ltd v Liu Chong Hing Bank (1986), it is now settled that a claimant may seek compensation for economic loss caused through the failure to exercise reasonable care and skill in both contract and tort. As for fiduciary law, it has long been the position that a fiduciary (including a trustee) must act or advise with reasonable care and skill. There is long-established authority, in the context of bills of exchange that a bank can be in breach of its duty of reasonable care and skill in failing to make inquiries. Factors such as the standing of the customer, the bank’s knowledge of the signatory, the amount involved, the need for prompt transfer, the presence of unusual features, and the scope and means for making reasonable inquiries may be relevant. . 2. Fiduciary Law (i) Fiduciary Duties and Their Negation Apart from the duty of care key prescriptions are that fiduciaries (1)Should not permit their private interests to conflict with their duty to a beneficiary of the duty; (2)Should not permit their duties to one beneficiary to conflict with their duties to another; (3)Should not make a secret profit, i. e. a profit from their position which is undisclosed to their beneficiaries; and (4)Have a duty of confidentiality. While contracts may modify the scope of fiduciary duties, however, it cannot be that contract can be invoked to negate them regardless of the circumstance. Thus, since many private customers will not necessarily expect their bank to be conducting conflicting corporate-finance business, it will be difficult to imply a contract term negating the undivided loyalty the bank may owe if it is a fiduciary. (ii) Trustees and Agents Fiduciary duties are clearly imposed on trustees and agents. The position with trustees is relatively straightforward. In acting as a trustee of an estate or investment fund a bank must not invest with itself. But a bank will not be in breach of its fiduciary duties if the trust instrument empowers it to open accounts or make deposits or investment with itself, despite its being the trustee. The fiduciary duties attaching to an agent vary, with the nature of the agency. Thus, the bank instructed simply a buy or sell securities has fewer fiduciary duties than if it is the manager of a discretionary fund. (iii) Banks as Financial Advisers and Facilitators need: To furnish all relevant information, relevant in making investment decisions. To give best advice it can. †¢To obtain the best terms for the customers. Woods v. Martins Bank Ltd is an old authority, where the bank advised A to invest in B, which was heavily indebted to it. It is still good law although, since it predated Hedley Byrne, it was necessary to find a fiduciary relationship if liability was to be imposed for negligent advice. 1. 3. Knowing Receipt, Inconsistent Dealing and Assistance (i) Knowing Receipt For this form of liability it must be shown, first that the funds have been disposed of in breach of trust, fiduciary duty, or as a result of some other unconscionable dealing. Moneys held on trust and misapplied are obviously caught. So, too, are misapplied corporate moneys since historically directors have been treated as if they were trustees of the property of the company under their control, so that any wrongful disposition is a breach of trust. The second prerequisite to an action in knowing receipt is that the bank must have received the claimant’s funds for its own benefit. Tracing has a role here: the bank must have beneficially received funds which are traceable as representing those of the claimant. Thirdly, liability for knowing receipt demands knowledge on the part of the bank that there has been a payment in breach of trust, fiduciary duty etc. (ii) Inconsistent Dealing A bank receiving funds in circumstances which do not constitute knowing receipt can still be liable if those funds are subsequently applied for its own benefit (‘inconsistent dealing’). At that point the bank must know that the funds involved are subject to a trust or fiduciary duty and that what it is doing with them is in breach of that. (iii) Assistance Even if a bank is not liable for knowing receipt, it may be liable as an accessory for dishonest assistance. Assistance is a form of accessory liability, which sits alongside other forms of accessory liability in equity, such as the receipt of information in breach of confidence, and including breach of trust or fiduciary duty. What are the prerequisites for accessory liability? First, there has to be a breach of trust or fiduciary duty. Second element in assistance is fault. One gloss in this context is the suggestion in the oft-cited case of Barnes v. Addy (1874) that for assistance there has to be ‘a dishonest and fraudulent design on the part of the trustee’. This may be defended as a way of narrowing the potential liability of accessories such as banks. However, it is now clear that there is no need to establish fraud on the part of the trustee or fiduciary, and an innocent breach of duty is sufficient. Emerging Standard: Due Diligence, Suitability, Good Faith Due diligence as a standard emerged from securities law: in the United States a bank involved in a public offer of securities must make its own investigations (in relation to statements for which it takes responsibility), in other words it is obliged to undertake ‘due diligence’ in relation to the issuer and the issue. This seems to be part of a growing trend to make banks statutorily liable for unlawful activities which they facilitate by their operations, unless they an demonstrate due diligence. Suitability too is a concept most developed in the area of securities regulation. It imposes a liability on those marketing securities which are incompatible with the needs of customer. Closely associate good faith with notions such as fairness, honestly, and reasonableness. In other words, it means simply that in the performance of a contract both parties are assumed to agree not to do anything to impede its performanc e, or to injure the right of the other to receive its benefits. The good-faith doctrine has been invoked in the context of banking, requiring a bank to disclose material information to a commercial counterparty. 2. Duty to advise and the liability for the advice given Some situations clearly involve a bank in giving advice. Advice on reorganization, mergers and acquisitions financing, and so on is the staple diet of investment (merchant) banking. In other situations a bank may assume the role of financial adviser. However, many banking services are not associated with giving advice. The legal issue is whether there is any obligation on a bank to proffer advice in this situation. The second matter addressed is a bank’s liability if it actually does give advice, the advice is faulty, and the customer incurs a loss. 2. 1. Duty to advise (i) The General Rule Generally speaking, one party will be under no obligation to advise another about the nature of the transaction, its prudence, or other features. So, too, in banking, English courts have held that the bank providing an account for a customer need not advise on the risks, or on the tax implications, of certain payments in relation to it. Nor need it advise customers of a more advantageous type of account it is now providing. However, there is a rather clear difference between these and some of the other services and transactions of the modern multifunctional bank. Take the bank selling its own products-be they derivatives to commercial customers, or insurance policies, or interests in a collective investment scheme to private customers. (ii) Situations imposing a duty to advise The first situation where the law imposes a duty to advise is a misrepresentation –a failure to speak or act can constitute conduct which misleads. Thus a half-truth may constitute a misrepresentation, as where a bank canvasses the advantages, but not the risks, of a transaction with a customer. The bank must tell the whole story. A bank’s advertising may be relevant in this respect. Secondly, there can be liability for a failure to disclose in precontractual negotiations if there has been a voluntary assumption of responsibility to do so and reliance by the customer because the court held that the bank was liable when its manage failed to explain clearly to the wife, the effect of a charge over a joint property to secure the husband’s borrowing from the bank. Thirdly, in Cornish v. Midland Bank, Glidewell LJ said that once a bank enters upon the task of advising a customer, it is obliged to explain fully and properly about the nature of the borrowing. Fourthly, if a relationship is fiduciary in character, then disclosure is necessary if a person is to avoid liability for putting interest above duty, or duty to one above duty to another. Fifthly, at common law a bank which takes a guarantee is bound to disclose unusual features in the transaction which has been guarantee. Finally, the duty to advise can be imposed as a result of regulation. (iii) The Advice Required (If Any) Advice may translate into the legal concept of notice, as where the bank must give notice in relation to a conflict of interest. Complete disclosure of all relevant facts known to the fiduciary is required. Advice must, of course, be honestly given-otherwise it is fraudulent. Generally speaking it must also be accurate. Some advice involves highlighting the terms of the contract being entered (or at least some of them). Another approach is to require advice about the alternative on offer-in terms, say, of repayment methods, interest rates, charges, and commissions. Perhaps the most effective advice in relation to some banking transactions is advise, about the attendant risk. The standard demanded here may be objective, although it could also be associated with an obligation on the bank to take steps to ensure that this particular customer understands the risks. 2. 2. Liability for advice given Bank’s promotional material, may lead to the conclusion that it has taken on the responsibility of the borrower’s financial adviser. There is greater chance of liability when the bank advises unsophisticated customers; in several cases the English courts have held that a bank was liable when its bank manager failed to explain clearly to a wife the effect of a charge taken over joint property to secure a husband’s borrowings. Negligent advice can obviously occur in the range of matters in which banks become involved. Examples includes credit references; failure to pass on information on when a bank enters upon the task of advising a potential borrower about the attendant risks of a particular facility; statements by bank that it will make available to a customer adequate funds to enter a contract with a third party; advice about investments; and assurances that workout plans are heading in the right direction, and that the bank is optimistic about an agreement being reached. In Hedley Byrne the bank avoided liability because of a disclaimer in the reference. In would seem right as a matter of policy for a bank to be able to avoid the consequences of giving negligent advice by suitable notice to those receiving it. As a matter of policy, whether this is regarded conceptually as aborting liability or a exempting from liability already begotten is beside the point. The central issue in practice should be whether the disclaimer of , or exemption from, liability has been made clear to those being advised so they are in no doubt that the bank is washing its hands of the consequences if the advice proves inappropriate or wrong. A small print clause in a document given to those being advised is unlikely to satisfy this test. In English law the matter is handled by applying the unfair contract terms legislation. The seminal case recognizing the tort of negligent advice, Hedley Byrne Co. Ltd. V. Heller Partners Ltd, involved advice given about a customer’s creditworthiness in a bank reference. As subsequently interpreted, Hedley Byrne liability depends importantly on an assumption of responsibility by a bank, a sufficiently proximate relationship between the bank and the customer or third party, and on there being reliance on the statement. Assumption of responsibility an proximity are, in large part, legal fictions, and in practice a court will have regard to factors such as the purpose for which the statement was made and communicated, the bank’s knowledge that the advice was needed for a particular purpose, the relationship between the bank and the person relying on the advice, and the size of any class to which the latter belongs. As regards disclosure (and this includes electronic disclosure), it is worth repeating here what was said in Woods v. Martins Bank Ltd [1959] 1 Q. B. 5 at 60, where Salmon J. said It cannot be too clearly understood that solicitors owe a duty to the court, as officers of the court to make sure, as far as possible, that no relevant documents have been omitted from their clients list. Barclays Bank v OBrien [1994] 1 AC 180. A husband and wife agreed to a second mortgage secured on their home to help out the husbands ailing company. The necessary documents were sent to a branch with instructions to ensure that the couple were aware of what they doing and to take legal advice on the matter. This did not occur. The wife signed the documents, relying on her husbands explanation of the situation (that it involved ? 60,000 for 3 weeks). When the debt reached ? 154,000, the bank ordered the house to be repossessed. At appeal, the court held that misrepresentation to the wife had occurred, the bank was fixed with constructive notice and the wifes equitable right was enforceable against the bank. The case of Royal Bank of Scotland v Etridge was decided by the Lords in a Judgment handed down on 11th October 2001. The case set standards for lending institutions where guarantees are given by a third party. It also sets standards for Solicitors who take on the task of advising those third parties. The most important point for lending institutions, thinking of enforcing their security is that cases of this nature need to be tested on their facts. It will make the lower Courts think very carefully whether cases which are perceived as hopeless should be struck out at an early stage. The decision in this series of appeals mitigates against early strike out. It could mean that lending institutions no longer have a quick route by which to realize the security and in many cases they will be locked into trials which could prove lengthy and expensive.

The Presence Of Stress In 12 Angry Men And What Ca Essay Example For Students

The Presence Of Stress In 12 Angry Men And What Ca Essay used It The Presence Of Stress In 12 Angry Men And What Ca Essayused It All human beings encounter stress at one point or another in their life. Stress can trigger other emotions that do not necessarily help one in their current situation. Dealing with it can also cause more problems, perhaps even more stress. In the movie 12 Angry Men, 12 jurors are placed in a small, sultry room where they have to come up with a unanimous verdict. After hours of contemplation the men emerge sweaty, stressed out, emotionally drained, and tired from dealing with the stress of the situation. We will write a custom essay on The Presence Of Stress In 12 Angry Men And What Ca specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The stress that they felt was a normal reactive response to be present after being put in that situation. The jurors knew that they had an important job to do. Their decision could save or take the life of a man. The situation is an approach-avoidance situation because they could save the life of an innocent man or they could let a guilty man go depending on the decision, which led to the initial stress. For a long amount of time, Juror #8 was trying to convince the other jurors that the boy was not guilty, leading to extreme frustration towards Juror #8 and each other. Some jurors (specifically Juror #3) began to threaten the other jurors. When the Jurors first entered the Jury Room, they felt that they would be in and out after the first vote. When Juror #8 voted not guilty they all became alarmed, they realized that this might take longer than previously thought. At first, as Juror #8 tried to convince them of the chance of probable doubt, they resisted all his attempts. Gradually, one by one, the men became exhausted of fighting against Juror #8 and changed their vote to not guilty, showing their general adaptation system working in the three stages of alarm, resistance and exhaustion. The 12 jurors sat in the room, beginning to analyze every piece of information given to them. Certain jurors had to get over former stereotypes that they possessed before the trial. For example, Juror #3 believes that children have no respect for their parents anymore because they do not address them as sir or madam. Juror #4 made a false declaration about children who come from slummy neighborhoods. He believed that they all will forever be menaces to society and that they will never become a good person. He was flabbergasted when Juror #5 stated that he used to live in the worst of all slums, but today he is a good man. The use of groupthink helped them make a decision on the verdict. They are all part of an organized group that is trying to highlight agreement in this crucial decision. The men cooperated and achieved the goal that they were after, reaching a unanimous verdict of not guilty on probable cause. Even though the men were extremely stressed out about the decision, they were eventually able to rationally make that decision. Stress can slow a person down but it will not shut that person down. When faced with a heavily weighted decision people tend to become stressed out. They spend more time worrying about making the wrong choice than the time they spend wondering what the right choice is. Stress is a normal human feeling that cannot be avoided and will always be present to a certain extent. Cognitive Psychology The jurors were faced with a difficult choice to make , their decision could either save a young mans life or put him to death. Cognitive Psychology focuses on information processing, problem solving and decision-making. The jurors were give an immense amount of information that they had to take in and decide whether the young man was guilty or not. Juror #8 analyzed the information, finding loopholes that no one else did. After sharing all of that information with the other jurors, more loopholes were found by other jurors. The remaining 11 jurors change their charge to not guilty. .u681898e2370c062d1efb5b63eeed81ed , .u681898e2370c062d1efb5b63eeed81ed .postImageUrl , .u681898e2370c062d1efb5b63eeed81ed .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u681898e2370c062d1efb5b63eeed81ed , .u681898e2370c062d1efb5b63eeed81ed:hover , .u681898e2370c062d1efb5b63eeed81ed:visited , .u681898e2370c062d1efb5b63eeed81ed:active { border:0!important; } .u681898e2370c062d1efb5b63eeed81ed .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u681898e2370c062d1efb5b63eeed81ed { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u681898e2370c062d1efb5b63eeed81ed:active , .u681898e2370c062d1efb5b63eeed81ed:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u681898e2370c062d1efb5b63eeed81ed .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u681898e2370c062d1efb5b63eeed81ed .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u681898e2370c062d1efb5b63eeed81ed .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u681898e2370c062d1efb5b63eeed81ed .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u681898e2370c062d1efb5b63eeed81ed:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u681898e2370c062d1efb5b63eeed81ed .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u681898e2370c062d1efb5b63eeed81ed .u681898e2370c062d1efb5b63eeed81ed-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u681898e2370c062d1efb5b63eeed81ed:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Smoking is the most important single preventable c Essay Amygdala While in the Jury Room the 12 men all became extremely restless with one another. The amygdala is a structure in the limbic system, which is responsible for emotion and aggression. Juror #3 showed .