Dehumanization of American Soldiers in the Vietnam War essays

Dehumanization of American Soldiers in the Vietnam War articles Dehumanization is, as characterized by the American Heritage College Dictionary, the hardship of human characteristics, for example, sympathy. In the film Apocalypse Now, dehumanization is appeared to the furthest reaches in numerous such cases. Regardless of whether it was the slaughtering of an honest non military personnel, the bombarding of a serene zone, or the unimportant utilization of a racial slur, dehumanization was unquestionably a central point in the film. In this exposition, I would like to completely portray the loathsomeness (no play on words expected) and dehumanization that happened in the Vietnam War with the American troopers. The most widely recognized and shocking type of dehumanization that happened during the Vietnam war was the slaughtering of absolutely blameless regular people. In Apocalypse Now, this was just appeared in one scene however it was one of the most impressive scenes in the film. In the scene, the vessel pulls up to a little angling pontoon and approaches them for their papers that state if theyre approved to angle. While one man is checking the pontoon, one of the ladies on the vessel makes an abrupt move and the officers execute everybody on the vessel for reasons unknown other then the lady making an unexpected development. The men didnt appear to try and consider what they were doing. They followed up on, what I accept to be, their dread of not recognizing what the lady would do. The trooper who previously began shooting basically stated, She bounced for you. You discover a little later that in fact, the lady would get a little doggy out of a crate. I can comprehend that they arent that OK with dreading for their lives constantly; however after they slaughter five honest individuals for reasons unknown, they simply get together and leave like nothing occur. They dont even seem, by all accounts, to be that disturbed about it. They check for supportive supplies and not another word is said about it. A mellow and not exceptionally unsafe type of dehumanization was the normal and successive utilization of racial slurs among the troopers abou... <!

Hazard And Hazard Management Construction Essay

Peril And Hazard Management Construction Essay The development business is described by a moderately high physical issue and disease rate contrasted with different enterprises. In the previous two decades more than 26,000 U.S. development laborers have passed on grinding away. That compares to roughly five development laborer passings each working day. Safe practices can help wipe out the perils present in the development business, and diminish the quantity of hands on wounds and passings. The methods in the development business have been improved because of the fast advancement of science and innovation. Notwithstanding, the constructional risks are not diminished true to form. To decrease or forestall word related dangers in the development business, a few strategies were proposed to give an avoidance and improvement procedure against word related risks. A technique was created to recognize significant danger types and peril causes. Furthermore, particular investigations were performed to evaluate the hazard estimation of the p eril. 2. Peril and Hazard Management: Perils ID is the demonstration of recognizing the disappointment conditions or dangers which could prompt bothersome occasions. It might be plot as a condition, article, movement or occasion with the capability of delivering wounds or debilitated wellbeing to work force, injury to property, loss of texture, or decrease of the capacity to play out a recommended work or mix of those (DOSH, 2006). Paul Everitt and Anthony Price (2004) characterize risk as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¢any source or circumstance with the possibility to make hurt the wellbeing and strength of individuals or harm the earth or to plant/gear. Since the presence of a peril isn't generally self-evident, and increments with human collaboration an organized and efficient methodology is fundamental in accumulating a thorough rundown of dangers. The danger the executives implies, the strategy for actualizing counter measures to diminish the opportunity of peril. 3. The venture highlights and their connection to the development risk To verify that how the undertaking highlights add to development danger, it needs to order the task to the particular venture highlights and separating that into a grouping of stages, and afterward, distinguishing all conceivable loss-of-control occurrence that may happen during the development work. 3.1. The task highlights and the succession of stages: Establishments: Exhuming Pilling Basic exercises Solid Slabs Cast set up solid segments and dividers Raising pre-thrown sections Raising pre-thrown dividers Shaping dividers with stone cladding Completing exercises: Block brick work Stone cladding Outside putting Gypsum sheets Floor tiling Rooftop protection Rooftop fixing Coating Different exercises Electrical establishment Plumbing Air conditioning establishment 3.2. Some sub-exercises of the above stages are: As indicated by the above classification there are some sub-exercises that would be perilous in building locales, for example, Movement Sub-movement Risk Occasion Establishment Uncovering Collapse Breakdown the uncovering divider Heaping Sequencing of heaping work Strife with different pieces of the venture development, making hazardous working conditions Heaps situated in positions in confined working space Individual injury from falling flotsam and jetsam, squashing. Perilous expulsion of watchmen or twist drill cleaners. Hazard to outsiders Heaping close to the highest point of inclines Incline disappointment, rig upsetting Working in unearthings Access inclines and divider props can hold up working space Basic exercises Solid Slabs Slips, trips Fall Cast set up solid dividers with stone cladding Pouring solid utilizing a crane basin Filling basin Solid scatter Outside working Setting up the divider zone Filling openings Dropping an article Throwing lightweight cement for waste Throwing concrete Pouring the solid Dropping an article Solid segments and dividers Fix steel rebar confine Last ties Impact with steel bars Drywall development Raising the confining Appending studs to outside brick work or solid dividers Scatter of trash from penetrating or nailing Outside plaster Physically applying a protecting layer Relieving and cutting projections Struck by a device Cast set up solid segments and dividers Introducing structures Cleaning and lubing structures in tallness Tumble from a stepping stool Solid sections and dividers Throwing concrete with a crane Lifting a container loaded with concrete Crane breakdown A specialist contended that, as per the fatalities measurement, 40% of that included occurrences identified with tumbles from tallness. Insufficient, evacuated, or improper utilization of fall security gear added to over 30% of the falls. As these insights show, wellbeing in development stays a major issue. As great wellbeing practices and records make a positive, peril free, and beneficial workplace, getting ready for security at the front-finish of a venture isn't just the first yet in addition a basic advance for overseeing security. There are some danger recognizable proof apparatuses, for example, Content Brainstorming Agenda Organized What-if (SWIFT) 4. Some Common Construction Hazard Issues: 4.1. Development Hazards: Development perils may incorporate falls, extraordinary statures, tumbling from housetops, hardware disappointment, unguarded apparatus, being struck by substantial development gear, electric shocks, silica dust, asbestos, lead, welding emanations, mishaps, structure breakdown, material and asphalt tar, motor fumes exhaust, and different dangers. Building destinations incorporate private development, connect erection, roadway clearing, unearthings, tear-downs, and enormous canvas occupations. 4.2. Development Hazard Statistics According to OSHA : Figure 1 shows that tumbles from height by and large speak to the main source of a demise because of development related action, speaking to about 33% of all development fatalities. Getting struck by some article, trapped in the middle of two items, and electrical stun is additionally driving variables of development fatalities. Together, these make up about 90% of all development fatalities. It is imperative to take note of that in the course of the most recent couple of years, these numbers have measurably declined or expanded in a direct, extent style. The word related Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Statistics show that about 90% of the fatalities happen from four sorts of wounds. These wounds might be from tumbles from tallness, for example, framework or stepping stools, being struck by objects, being gotten among items, and electric shock. There are other basic dangers in building destinations that may incorporate force apparatuses and hardware, Heavy hardware, unearthi ngs, and kept. 4.3. Is the Engineers and Safety Staff are fault? Disappointments in peril ID are frequently because of the restricted mastery or oversight of architects or wellbeing staff when arranging or executing security practices, or poor preparing of development staff. Models are undertakings in structure for security, wellbeing assessment, and checking security. Disappointment in any of these can bring about expanded danger of presenting laborers to perils in the development condition. Security arranging in development is commonly done independently from venture execution arranging and includes various on-screen characters. This detachment and the subsequent absence of correspondence make challenges for wellbeing architects to examine what, when, why, and where the perils situated for forestalling mishaps. 5. Fall Hazards Identification and Preventive Measures: As referenced above, 40% of included episodes are identified with tumbles from stature, because of that here will concentrate on Identifying and evaluating the dangers and dangers as a basic advance in wellbeing the board. The potential fall dangers with respect to development highlights are, gaps in pieces, driving or unbounded edges of the floor section, and openings in dividers. As per OSHA a piece opening methods a hole or bereft of 2 in. (5.1 cm) or more in its least measurement. An opening can exist at a few statures, for instance, on a story (e.g., solid chunk), a rooftop (e.g., lookout window), or some other strolling/working surface. Comparable guidelines exist for openings in dividers, for instance, unprotected windows. Despite the size of the gap or opening, if the area of the article is raised more than 1.8 m (6 ft), it would be dangerous. The preventive measure for falls incorporate, continually utilizing suitable fall insurance, introducing and keeping up border assurance when working from statures, covering and making sure about all floor openings, and following safe practices when utilizing stepping stools and platforms. 6. End: The development business has been viewed as a clumsy industry. Disturbing insights show that the development business represents 55,000 deadly wounds every year. That is on the grounds that building locales are frequently loaded up with potential risks that can prompt genuine injury or demise. Security arranging can be considered in the planning stage for early discovery, including distinguishing proof of a dangerous area, and timetable for execution of defensive wellbeing hardware. Building destinations, in contrast to other creation offices, experience changes in geology, topology and work conditions all through the span of the tasks. These highlights make overseeing building site-wellbeing more troublesome than overseeing security in assembling plants. Generally in development, an alternate methodology is expected to recognize dangers and dangers, increment security and forestall mishaps. The worker is answerable for announcing any imperfections in the work environment or on any o f the gear that is being utilized. A work environment investigation is a basic piece of a thorough wellbeing and wellbeing program where the working environment is analyzed intently all the time with the end goal of: Distinguishing and recording potential and real dangers related with structures, hardware, condition, and procedures. Distinguishing perils which require quick consideration. Guaranteeing that current risk controls are working and suggesting remedial activity.

Should You Get Life Insurance

Should You Get Life Insurance Should You Get Life Insurance? Should You Get Life Insurance?Life insurance can help protect the ones you love when youre goneâ€"but you want to make sure that you do your research before committing to a plan.On this blog, we often write about ways that people can protect their financial futures. Oftentimes, this advice boils down to one simple maxim: Be prepared for the worst. And is there anything worse than a person’s death leaving their loved ones in dire financial straits?Luckily, that’s where life insurance comes in.“Everyone who has someone who depends on them, and would be placed in a worse off financial situation were they to die, almost always needs some form of life insurance,” said Certified Financial Planner Joel Ohman (@JoelOhman), founder of  InsuranceProviders.com.But even once you decide to purchase a life insurance policy, there are still many more decisions ahead of you. Don’t worry. That’s why we’re here. When it comes to life insurance, here’s what you need to know.How does lif e insurance work?“A life insurance policy is a contract between you and an insurance company to provide you with coverage based upon your timely payment of premiums,” explained Chris Mason, senior vice president of sales distribution for  independent health insurance agency  HealthMarkets  (@HealthMarkets).“It provides a death benefit to your named beneficiary (generally a spouse) upon your deaths. When you pass away, your beneficiary files a claim with the insurance company to submit proof (a death certificate) of your passing.”“The death benefits from life insurance are often used to pay for burial and final expenses, replace the income of the individual who has passed, and/or to pay off a mortgage,” he continued. “If you leave behind a spouse, children or other loved ones, life insurance policies can help alleviate any financial burdens when coping with the loss of a loved one.“Losing a parent, partner or spouse can be one of the most emotionally challenging exper iences any one of us can face. If you add the financial aspects of this loss, it can seem unbearable. Having life insurance helps mitigate some aspects of financial stress.”While some life insurance policies can be used for purposes beyond a straightforward death benefit payout, Ohman warned that consumers should be cautious with plans like these.“Unless there are complex estate planning requirements or the insured has exhausted all other investment options, then typically the idea to use life insurance outside of a straightforward death benefit payout is a fools errand that will only result in a fancier car for your insurance agent,” he said.Term life insurance.When considering a life insurance policy, you’ll have to choose between two basic types: term life insurance and permanent (or universal) life insurance.Term life insurance generally offers the highest death benefit for the lowest cost, said Mason. It covers a specific period of time, generally ten, fifteen, twenty or thirty years. Policyholders pay an annual or monthly fixed premium that is renewable every year. If you are young, premiums for this type of life insurance are low but as you get older, the premiums increase.Nelson Lee, managing partner of insurtech company  Pacific Wealth Solutions laid out some of the pros and cons of both term and permanent life insurance. For term life insurance, his pros were the following:“In the short term, its much cheaper to buy the same death benefit compared to a permanent policy.”“Simple to understand, harder to be misrepresented. Die in this term and get this much. Die outside of this term you get zero. Easy to explain, easy to sell, easy to make a decision.”As for the cons, here’s what Lee had to say:If you die after the term expiration, you dont get any death benefit claims. Zero insurance if you live too long.If you die after the term expiration, you dont get any of your premiums back. Zero money back if you end up wasting the policy. Th ere are a few rare policies that partially return the premium many decades after purchase, but they tend to be much more expensive than regular term (defeats purpose of term), and the amount returned would be worth very little due to inflation after 20 years, so its not a real return of premium value.Additionally, Lee shared some statistics that might lead you away from a term life plan.“On average, most studies indicate that less than two percent (in some studies less than one percent) of all terms ever pay out,” he said. “In other words, 98-99 percent of all term clients end up wasting their money, gifting it to the insurance carriers in exchange for nothing when they die.”“This is an average, meaning if youre a younger person, your odds are even worse, simply due to life expectancy and age relationships.”Permanent life insurance.“Permanent life insurance is policies that will cover you until you die as long as the premiums are paid,” explained Mason. “Part of th e premium goes toward cash value, allowing you to accumulate tax-deferred savings. Most permanent life insurance policies do not have a significant cash value in the early years, but they can perform very well over time if funded properly.”If that sounds a lot like an investment accountâ€"similar in some ways to a 401(k) â€"that’s because it is!“Permanent life insurance carries a cash value that is like a bank/investment account, that the client can use as a savings/investments tool, or simply to make sure they can withdraw cash when it’s needed in the future or get some of their money back,” said Lee.Here are Lee’s pros for permanent life insurance, which came with a warning that these benefits, while great, are still often overstated by proponents of these plans:As long as you keep the policy in force, you never waste your money because insurance is permanent and never expires. Not possible to outlive your benefits.You get a cash value that gives you the opportunity to make investment gains on the premiums paid, in addition to simply wanting to get your money back at some point.You have the opportunity to get all (or even more than) the premiums paid back, and still keep the insurance in force. Keep both, get money back and keep the insurance permanently.You can loan against the policy cash value for tax-free or tax-deferred income/gains.Death benefit can grow larger with time, as opposed to a fixed amount like term.In some products, payment amounts and periods can be fixed and guaranteed.The top products will provide high rates of guarantees and very competitive risk-adjusted returns that may provide better risk-return tradeoffs than other investment alternatives.Similarly, Lee cautioned that his cons for permanent life insurance policies were also often misrepresented by those hoping to sell consumers on term policies instead:If you pick the wrong permanent policy, you could lapse it, and end up paying more than term, and still get no insurance when you die, if it lapses before death.Mathematically and conceptually much more complicated than term, harder to understand, easier to misrepresent, easier for low-quality products (or agents) to disguise as competent ones.Some (not all) products have perpetual payments built in, meaning you must pay premiums every single year as long as you stay alive, or in some instances require you to pay at least until age 90 or 100, although this type is becoming rarer and less popular, and dont perform well. This product type pays the highest commissions (of course).Much higher premiums initially for the same amount of death benefit compared to term (although long term with proper cash value gains you more than making it back).Some product designs have variable returns and variable costs that provide no downside protection or guarantee for clients, making it riskier than the client might perceive.Which should you choose?Sorry to disappoint, but there isn’t really a right or wrong answer here. The right policy for you will depend on your age, means, and other circumstances. Still, one thing you should do no matter what is to dig in deep and understand the policies you’re choosing from before you make your final decision.In terms of the age factor, Lee offered these thoughts:“If you are an older person and you dont expect yourself to outlive the term of your policy (you think you will die in 10 or 20 years), and you dont mind not getting your money back if you do live longer, and also dont mind getting zero insurance if you live longer, then term might be a good fit for you.”“If you are younger (younger than 40), you have likely more than 99.5 percent chance of just wasting your money on nothing. At the benefit of agents and carriers.”Lee also warned about the dangers of making sweeping assumptions about term  policies versus permanent policies:“Overly broad generalizations in investments/insurance are exactly thatâ€"overly broad, almost never true, and a lmost always misrepresented to exaggerated. The credibility and bias of people making such oversimplified claims must and should be examined.Term and permanent life insurance are both very broad terms that each cover thousands of different products. It is simply not possible to say which is better in a cookie-cutter manner, and each has a place in the insurance industry.“Which is better depends on the desired outcome, age of the client, investment requirements, acceptance of worst outcomes, expectations, carrier selection, product design, tax situation, etc.“How much the pros and cons out-weigh each other really just depend, and that first assumes you were accurately informed of the pros and cons in the first place (unlikely),” he concluded.Ohlman, however, has a different assessment. “Its very rare that you need any type of fancy life insurance policy other than a plain vanilla term life policy. Term life is simple, straightforward, and likely much cheaper than you think,† he said.He cautioned that the worst thing you could do was make a decisionâ€"any decisionâ€"unprepared:“The options for life insurance are vast: From whole life insurance to universal life insurance to many variations and permutations of the above, some with market participation and investment exposure and others with a dizzying array of riders and features that will make your head spin. Be very wary about purchasing something that you dont fully understand.”How can you save money on life insurance?No matter what plan you end up choosing, you should try and find the most cost-effective solution possible. That doesn’t always mean finding the deal with the lowest price tag. Far from it. Paying slightly higher premiums and getting a lot more from your plan can be better than paying less and getting less.When you’re starting out, Ohlman recommends using an online calculator to help you determine how what level of coverage you’ll need.“There are many different life insuranc e calculators online that will give you a good ballpark estimate of how much life insurance you may need,” he said. “Be sure to do a little homework and at least understand some of the different variables that go into determining how much you need before speaking with your insurance agent or another financial professional.”“The nice thing about using a life insurance calculator online is that you dont have to do any math (unless you like doing math, of course!). Just plug in the numbers and press the button!”“If you find yourself getting bogged down with all of the various calculators and different formulas used,” he added, “then take a step back and just ask yourself this question: ‘What is the absolute minimum amount of money that my loved ones would need if I passed away to not have to worry about money, not have to change their lifestyle or dreams, and not have to get a new job?’ Now double it.”Mason also had three great pieces of advice to help you  save m oney and find the most cost-effective plan:“One of the most impactful ways to save on life insurance is to complete a needs analysis, as sometimes there is an overstatement or understatement. Doing the analysis with a licensed agent helps ensure you are buying the right amount of coverage and not buying too much, which could drive up the cost.”“Buy life insurance while you are young! It only gets more expensive as you get older. I always advise people to not procrastinate because every year you age, the cost almost always goes up.”“Work with an agent who can represent multiple carriers so they can see what might be the most competitively priced product for your needs. Different insurers have different stances on various health concerns, so having an array to review and choose from can help with costs.”In the end, shopping for life insurance is a lot like shopping for any other large purchase. Do your research, carefully weigh the pros and cons, work with a professional w hen necessary, and then choose the plan that you feel works best for you!Take care of your moneyâ€"and your loved ones.Taking out a life insurance policy is one of many things you can do to protect your family members and loved ones from financial disaster. In that way, it’s not all that different from building your savings, paying down your debt, and maintaining a good credit score.When people don’t take care of those things, that’s how they end up needing substantial help when an unexpected bill or other financial shortfall takes them by surprise. It’s also how people end up relying on no credit check loans and short-term bad credit loans (like payday loans, title loans, and cash advances) to make ends meet, driving them into a cycle of debt.There are steps you can take to protect your financial futureâ€"not to mention the futures of those you love. To learn more, check out  these other posts and articles from OppLoans:Building Your Financial Life: Budgeting for Beginners1 0 Good Money Habits to Make Your Friends JealousThe Debt Snowball Method Can Help You Get out of DebtHow to Raise Your Credit Score by 100 PointsDo you have a   personal finance question youd like us to answer? Let us know! You can find us  on  Facebook  and  Twitter.  |  InstagramContributorsNelson Lee began his career in Finance as an Investment Banking Intern at J.P Morgan, before spending 7 years at Northwestern Mutual (one of the largest mutual life insurers in the US), and Pacific Advisor, a 156-year old financial consulting firm, where he became its youngest ever Advisor of the Year in 2016, specializing in quantitative mathematics analysis of insurance transactions. Nelson founded Pacific Wealth Solutions in 2017 in pursuit to solve the most prevalent epidemics in the life insurance industry.Chris Mason is the senior vice president of sales distribution for  HealthMarkets (@HealthMarkets), one of the largest independent health insurance agencies in the US that distributes he alth, Medicare, life and supplemental insurance products from more than 200 companies.Joel Ohman (@JoelOhman) is a Certified Financial Planner and the founder of  InsuranceProviders.com  and has been mentioned in many different publications including AllBusiness.com, AOL.com, Banks.com, BusinessInsider.com, ChicagoTribune.com, Forbes.com, Inc.com, Newsweek.com, Readers Digest, USA Today, WashingtonPost.com, WiseBread.com, Yahoo Finance, etc.

Book of Hours - Illuminated Prayer Book for the Wealthy

A book of hours was a prayer book containing appropriate prayers for specific hours of the day, days of the week, months, and seasons. Books of hours were usually beautifully illuminated, and some of the more notable ones are among the finest works of medieval art in existence. Origin and history   Initially, books of hours were produced by scribes in monasteries for use by their fellow monks. Monastics divided their day into eight segments, or hours, of prayer: Matins, Lauds, Prime, Terce, Sext, Nones, Compline, and Vespers. A monk would set a book of hours on a lectern or table and read from it aloud at each of these hours; the books were therefore fairly large in format. The earliest known monastic books of hours were created in the 13th century. By the 14th century, smaller, portable books of hours with less complex liturgical systems were being produced for use by individuals. By the 15th century, these lay books of hours were so popular they outnumbered all other types of illuminated manuscript. Because the artwork was so splendid, books of hours were too expensive for all but the wealthiest of patrons: royalty, nobility, and occasionally very wealthy merchants or artisans. Contents Books of hours would vary according to the preferences of their owners, but they always began with a liturgical calendar; that is, a list of feast days in chronological order, as well as a method of calculating the date of Easter. Some included a multi-year almanac. Often books of hours included the seven Penitential Psalms, as well as any of a wide variety of other prayers devoted to favorite saints or personal issues. Frequently, books of hours featured a cycle of prayers dedicated to the Virgin Mary. illustrations Each section of prayers was accompanied by an illustration to help the reader meditate on the subject. Most often, these illustrations depicted biblical scenes or saints, but sometimes simple scenes from rural life or displays of royal splendor were included, as were the occasional portraits of the patrons who ordered the books. Calendar pages often depicted signs of the Zodiac. It wasnt uncommon for the owners coat of arms to be incorporated, as well. Pages that were largely text were often framed with or highlighted by foliage or symbolic motifs. The illustrations of books of hours and other manuscripts are sometimes called miniatures. This is not because the pictures are small; in fact, some could take up the entire page of an oversized book. Rather, the word miniature has its origins in the Latin miniare, to rubricate or to illuminate, and thus refers to written pages, or manuscripts. Production   Monastic books of hours were produced, as were most other illuminated manuscripts, by monks in a scriptorium. However, when books of hours became popular among the laity, a system of professional publication evolved. Scribes would write the text in one place, artists would paint the illustrations in another, and the two products were put together in a bookbinders hall. When a patron ordered a book of hours to be made, he could select his favorite prayers and subjects for illustration. In the later middle ages, it was also possible to purchase a pre-produced, generic book of hours in a stationers shop. Materials   Books of hours, like other medieval manuscripts, were written on parchment (sheepskin) or vellum (calfskin), specially treated to receive ink and paint. The writing surface was invariably lined to help the scribe write neatly and evenly; this was usually done by an assistant. By the time books of hours became popular, the inks used in manuscripts were almost always iron gall ink, made from the gallnuts on oak trees where wasp larvae were laid. This could be tinted different colors through the use of various minerals. Ink was applied with a quill pen -- a feather, cut to a sharp point and dipped in a jar of ink. A wide variety of minerals, plants, and chemicals were used to tint paints for the illustrations. The color sources were mixed with arabic or tragacinth gum as a binding agent. The most vivid and expensive mineral used in paint was Lapis Lazuli, a blue gemstone with gold flecks which in the Middle Ages was found only in present-day Afghanistan. Gold and silver leaf were also used to marvelous effect. The brilliant use of the precious metals achieved gave illumination its name. Significance to Medieval Art Books of hours offered artists the opportunity to display their skill to the best of their abilities. Depending on the wealth of the patron, the finest materials were used in order to achieve the richest and most vivid colors. Over the centuries of the book formats popularity, art style evolved into a more natural, vibrant form, and the structure of the illuminated page changed to allow more expression on the part of the illuminators. Now known as Gothic illumination, the works produced in the 13th through 15th centuries by clerical and secular artists alike would influence other art styles, such as stained glass, as well as the art that would follow in the Renaissance movements. Notable Book of Hours By far the most famous and splendid Book of Hours ever produced is Les Trà ¨s Riches Heures du Duc de Berry, produced in the 15th century.

Critical Analysis Of Raymond Carver s The Cathedral ...

Spiritual Blindness Is it possible that a complete person is more limited than one with a disability? As bizarre as it may sound it could be possible. In Raymond Carver s short story â€Å"The Cathedral†, the narrator was a man who couldn’t see beyond the end of his nose. He was aware of what his wife has lived in the past, but had no interest on her or what she likes to do. Not only this, but he would also judge people just by the way they talk or their names. But so, the blind man as the narrator calls Robert because of his disability, does the opposite. Despite being away, Robert had been in contact with her for years. He had knowledge of everything she had been through perhaps even more than her own husband. Carver’s story shows how a person who thinks superior of himself receives a lesson by the person he less expected it. Sometimes people s disabilities are not in their body but in their minds and hearts. The narrator made assumptions about individuals he didn’t know yet: Robert and his gone wife. The husband knew about Robert, but just what his wife had told him, nothing else. Before talking to him or knowing how Robert was, he started judging him for no reason: â€Å"I wasn’t enthusiastic about his visit. He was no one I knew. And his being blind bothered me. My idea of blindness came from the movies. In the movies, the blind moved slowly and never laughed. Sometimes they were led by seeing-eye dogs. A blind man in my house was not something I looked forward to† (CarvesShow MoreRelatedCharacter Analysis Of Raymond Carver s Cathedral 1426 Words   |  6 PagesCharacter Analysis in Raymond Carver’s â€Å"Cathedral†: The Narrator Literature has the potential to act as a mirror by presenting people’s lived experiences, expectations, and perceptions through characters. Such is what can be deciphered through the analysis of different characters in Raymond Carver’s story â€Å"Cathedral.† This paper focuses on the narrator of the story portrayed by the author as blind, which is used metaphorically not to imply physical blindness, but the inability to have reasonedRead MoreMinimalism by Raymond Carver Essay3013 Words   |  13 PagesLiterary Criticism Minimalism by Raymond Carver English 210 P. Fishman Research Paper Literary Criticism on Minimalism by Raymond Carver Raymond Carver was a master of the short story during the mid nineteenth century due to his unique minimalistic style. Carver has his own artistic signature when it comes to writing, he tells his stories using

Iron Crowned Chapter 15 Free Essays

string(29) " his eyes made me step back\." I had two immediate reactions to this. One was that Dorian could wait around forever; he had no right to demand anything of me. My other reaction was outrage that he could come traipsing into my home when I was banned from his. We will write a custom essay sample on Iron Crowned Chapter 15 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Admittedly, that was my own fault. I hadn’t put down any hospitality rules to keep him out. As such, he’d be welcomed like any other non-enemy monarch – particularly by my people. I considered simply sending Volusian to revoke hospitality but then tossed that idea aside. I’d take care of this myself. I drove out to the gateway by my home as fast as I could without getting a ticket and then crossed over to the anchor inside my castle. Once there, I hurried through the halls, oblivious to servants’ startled stares. I knew where Dorian would be. My people would have received him in the nicest chamber, the one befitting any visiting monarch. Sure enough. Dorian sat inside the parlor, lounging in a central chair with Shaya, Rurik, and others sitting around him. He looked like he was holding court in his own castle. My anger doubled. Everyone except him jumped up at my sudden approach, giving hasty bows. â€Å"Out,† I snapped. â€Å"All of you. And shut the door.† My words left no question about who exactly I wanted out. Dorian didn’t move, but the rest scurried to obey my orders. I saw Shaya and Rurik exchange looks with each other, no doubt worried what was going to happen with the two monarchs they loved. Once we were alone, I turned on Dorian. â€Å"What the hell are you doing here?† He regarded me coolly, face perfectly at ease. â€Å"Visiting, as is my right. There’s nothing that says I can’t. Unless you’re revoking my hospitality?† â€Å"I should,† I said, stepping forward with fists clenched. â€Å"I should have my guards throw you out on your ass.† He snorted and absentmindedly smoothed a piece of his long hair. â€Å"Good luck with that. They’d throw you out first, if I gave the order.† â€Å"So that’s why you’re here? To start a rebellion in my own kingdom?† â€Å"No. I’m here to remind you of your responsibilities to your kingdom – since you’ve clearly forgotten.† â€Å"Really?† I crossed my arms across my chest in an effort to stop myself from doing something stupid. â€Å"I think you’ve forgotten what I’ve done for my kingdom. Say, like, saving it from disaster. And risking my life for that fucking crown so that we could finally have peace.† â€Å"If memory serves, you caused that disaster when you created an inhospitable desert.† His voice was still damnably calm. â€Å"And that crown is doing you no good.† â€Å"Didn’t you hear me? We have peace. The fighting’s stopped.† â€Å"The fighting’s temporarily stopped. Katrice is playing you, and you’re letting her. She’s dragging her feet, using this negotiation delay to figure out a way out of this. If you really want to end the war once and for all, you need to get involved and let her know you’re serious. Wave the crown around. Dare her to call your bluff. Show her you’re in control and stop all of this for real.† I gave a harsh laugh. â€Å"That’s so typical of you. Attempting to pull the strings, as usual. You don’t even have the crown, but you’re telling me what to do with it.† Dorian shot up from the chair, smooth features breaking into annoyance. â€Å"I am remembering what it means to be a king. I’m not running away and letting others deal with things that seem too hard.† â€Å"Right,† I said, keeping an eye on the distance between us. â€Å"Getting the crown was easy. Which is why, of course, you were right out there with me.† He narrowed his eyes. â€Å"You know I would have if I could. So I did the only thing I could: I got you out there after it.† â€Å"By lying!† I exclaimed. I tried to keep my voice strong, letting anger be the only emotion to slip, but grief cracked me a little. â€Å"By creating an elaborate set-up with Masthera in the hope I’d seize more land for us. Why do you not see how wrong that was?† â€Å"Was it?† His volume was starting to match my own. I’d so rarely seen emotion seize him, and it was both terrible and beautiful. â€Å"Do you think our people think it’s wrong? The ones whose homes are no longer in danger? The ones who are alive because of this? The crown bought that, and you’re going to ruin it all if you don’t force her into talks! Not only that, by not acting, you’re letting what Leith did to you go unpunished.† â€Å"Oh, he got punished,† I said. â€Å"Yes,† agreed Dorian coldly. â€Å"By me. Something you seem to have forgotten, now that you’ve jumped back into bed with that animal.† â€Å"Kiyo isn’t part of this. And what you did isn’t enough to obligate me to stay in a relationship with someone who constantly deceives me.† Dorian turned away, putting his back to me. Somehow, this was more insulting than all the glares in the world. â€Å"I can only assume this is human logic. Achieving peace by bending the truth is deceitful. The greatest sin in the world. But infidelity is moral and just.† â€Å"It’s not! And I wasn’t – I didn’t cheat on you. As far as I was concerned, we were through. I was free to do whatever I wanted.† â€Å"Obviously.† I didn’t want to show any weakness in front of him, but the thing was, part of me still questioned if having sex with Kiyo back in the forest had been right or not. I’d even felt conflicted at the time. I’d let my impulses win out, using muddled logic to satisfy both my lust and need for revenge. â€Å"Look,† I said, trying to calm myself down. â€Å"I didn’t mean to hurt your feelings – â€Å" He spun around so sharply that my words dropped. I didn’t fear Dorian, not with my power and in my home, but something in his eyes made me step back. You read "Iron Crowned Chapter 15" in category "Essay examples" â€Å"Queen Eugenie,† he said formally. â€Å"Don’t trouble yourself over my ‘feelings.’ Replacing you in my bed isn’t that difficult. You have too high an opinion of yourself in that regard.† Those words slapped me in the face, despite all the reasonable parts of my brain screaming at me that it didn’t matter. I had no reason to care what he did. No reason to care about him. â€Å"So,† I said, matching his tone. â€Å"Ysabel has a place to sell her skills again.† â€Å"Very good ones,† he agreed. â€Å"The question now is if you’re going to use yours. Put Katrice in her place. Get her to negotiate so that we can get the concessions we deserve. Stop acting like a human.† â€Å"I am human. You keep forgetting that.† He studied me up and down, giving me the opportunity to do the same to him. You don’t care, you don’t care, I told myself, trying to push aside how much I’d loved that gorgeous face. â€Å"No,† he said at last, contempt in his voice. â€Å"It’s impossible to forget. You’re acting like one now, refusing to do the right thing just because I’ve asked you to. You’re being contrary out of spite.† He strode toward the door. â€Å"If you don’t act soon, you’ll regret it.† I didn’t like him being the one to end this conversation. It was more of him always having the power. â€Å"Are you threatening me?† Dorian put his hand on the door’s handle and glanced at me over his shoulder. â€Å"No. I’m not the threat. Katrice is. And while you keep going on and on about how much I’ve wronged you and lied to you, I can say with absolute certainty that what I’ve just told you is the truth.† â€Å"Noted.† Hastily, I made an attempt at acting like the queen around here. â€Å"You can go now. And don’t come back.† That earned me a half smile, though there wasn’t much humor in it. â€Å"Are you revoking my hospitality?† I hesitated. â€Å"No. I’m above that. I’ll just assume you’ll do the right thing and stay the hell away from me.† â€Å"Noted,† he replied, imitating my earlier tone. He opened the door and walked away without another look. I stared at the empty space where he’d been, wondering who’d come out on top of that argument. By the time I emerged and found Shaya, Dorian had already left my castle for his own lands. She asked nothing about what had transpired with him, but worry was written all over her face. â€Å"How close are we?† I demanded. â€Å"How close are we to sitting down with Katrice and writing up a treaty?† Shaya paled, and I realized I had turned my anger at Dorian on her. â€Å"Not as close as I’d like. She agreed †¦ she agreed she’d come in person, but only if the talks were held in the Willow Land. Queen Maiwenn has agreed, but Dor – King Dorian says that’s unacceptable. He suggests the Linden Land or the Maple Land. Katrice refuses.† Linden and Maple. Kingdoms both staunchly neutral. Maiwenn theoretically was too. She’d always put on the pretense of friendship, and I was certain Kiyo would endorse her hospitality. But something about it made me uneasy. I didn’t want to support Dorian †¦ but then I realized that instinct came from exactly what he’d warned me of: wanting to oppose him just out of spite. Our personal mess aside, he was my ally. Neutral ground was best for us. â€Å"Reiterate Dorian’s stance,† I said. â€Å"Linden or Maple. I’m going back to Tucson. Let me know what happens.† Shaya opened her mouth, to protest or beg for help, I couldn’t say. Dorian’s words came back to me. Get actively involved. â€Å"Wave the crown† and make Katrice agree to our terms. No. On that, I wouldn’t agree with him. I wouldn’t use that crown like he wanted me too, even as a threat. â€Å"That’ll be all,† I told Shaya. She nodded, obedient as always. The look on her face as I left made me feel a little guilty. Maybe I could make things easier for her. Maybe I could expedite all this. But for now, there was literally no harm being done. What could Katrice’s stalling achieve? If she began hostilities again, she ran the risk of facing the crown she obviously feared. My people were safe. The waiting was frustrating, but it had to end soon. I’d told Dorian I was human, and that’s what I intended to be. I would go home, start following up on jobs, and let the gentry deal with this red tape until I was absolutely needed. And that was exactly what I did. I returned to my old life. Kiyo and I continued dating, and being with him, reestablishing our old connection and sex life, went a long way toward blocking out images of beautiful, voluptuous Ysabel in Dorian’s bed. My workload increased – as did my income – though my jobs tired me out more than I was used to. That scared me. It made me think about what it meant to be human and gentry. I’d fought to keep my human side dominant. Was the gentry part taking over? Stunting my shamanic abilities? No, I firmly decided. This was stress, pure and simple. In the two weeks that followed, though, I had to concede to my gentry side occasionally. The Thorn Land called to me, so I continued my quick visits, keeping the land strong and – no matter how much I hated to admit it – strengthening myself. Unfortunately, I took little joy from that because no good news ever came from the Otherworld. Katrice kept switching back and forth. Yes, she’d agree to the Maple Land – no, she’d changed her mind. Linden. But only if ambassadors went first, then the monarchs. No – she’d go. But it was back to the Willow Land. Or maybe some place altogether different? What about the Palm Land? Dorian made no attempts at direct contact with me, but there was no need. When I went to bed each night, I could see his face. Wave the crown, wave the crown. Fortunately, my aggressive workload tired me out enough to fall asleep quickly. Good news of sorts finally came one day when Kiyo and I were out hiking. The temperature had shot up, heralding spring, and I’d welcomed the break from work. Traipsing through the wilderness was something Dorian would certainly never do – especially in the desert. But like me, Kiyo appreciated the rugged beauty and heat of the land. I’d missed these excursions with him. His eyebrows rose when my cell phone rang. â€Å"You can get a signal out here?† â€Å"Apparently.† I was as surprised as him. Looking at the ID, I saw Enrique’s name pop up. His recent reports, after that brief surge of promising news, had been clipped and vague: simple reminders that he was still working on things. I answered eagerly. â€Å"Please tell me you’ve found something.† â€Å"I have,† he said. Enrique had that smug tone from when we’d met. It had been annoying then, but now, I found it encouraging. â€Å"I finally tracked down the gun dealer and – â€Å" I didn’t hear the rest because a sudden drop in the temperature and tingling in the air heralded Volusian’s arrival. Apparently, I could get an Otherworldly signal out here too. My minion’s orders to report all urgent news trumped whatever Enrique had to say. â€Å"Hey,† I interrupted. â€Å"I’ll call you back.† â€Å"What the – â€Å" I disconnected, not giving him a chance to finish his outrage. He probably wasn’t used to being hung up on. I turned to Volusian, who waited patiently and silently for me. He was a spot of darkness on the sunny day; he seemed to suck away the light of the world. â€Å"Please,† I begged. â€Å"Please tell me Katrice has finally given in, so that we can talk.† Volusian stayed silent a few moments. I swear, it was for drama’s sake, and I felt like choking him. â€Å"No,† he said. â€Å"The Rowan Queen has not agreed to negotiations yet, although †¦ she has acted.† Kiyo and I exchanged looks. There was no way this could be good. I was also pretty sure Volusian liked delivering this news. â€Å"She’s kidnapped your sister,† he said. â€Å"And has a list of demands to be met, if you want to see Jasmine alive again.† How to cite Iron Crowned Chapter 15, Essay examples

Homo Aquaticus Essay Example For Students

Homo Aquaticus? Essay I. IntroductionWhen the human brain is compared with the brains of apes there are severalobvious differences; the centers for the sense of smell and foot control arelarger in apes than in humans, but the centers for hand control, airway control,vocalization, language and thought are larger in humans. In my paper, I willdescribe the most defined differences of brain size and centers between humansand their closest relatives, chimpanzees, to compare them with other mammals andto draw conclusions about the evolution history of humans. II. Brain EvolutionHumans and chimpanzees are biochemically (DNA) and therefore probablyphylogenetically (evolution relationships), more alike than chimps and gorillas. But the brains of chimps and humans differ in size and anatomy more thangorillas and chimps. The brains of chimps and gorillas probably didnt gothrough many evolutionary innovations, because they generally resemble other apeand monkey brains. This implies that the human brain changed a lot after thehuman/chimp evolution. With the exception of the olferactory bulb (scent), allbrain structures are larger in humans than in apes. The neocortex (part of thecerebral cortex), for instance is over three times larger than in chimps, eventhough chimps and humans are pretty close to equal in body weight. Each side of the brain is diveded by the central sulces into independanthalves. Just before the central sulcus lies the post-central cortex, where theopposite body half (right side for left brain, left side for right brain). Justin front of the central sulcus lies the pre-central cortex where the informationfor the voluntary movements leave tthe brain. The pre-central area is calledprimary motor cortex, and also Area 4 in primates. III. Human and Chimp Cortex DifferencesIn humans Area 4 is almost twice as large as it is in chimpanzees. Thepart of Area 4 that commands the movement of the leg, foot and toes is smallerin humans than apes. This leaves more room for the part that controls the hand,fingers and thumb. Even bigger is the lower part of human Area 4, related tothe mouth and brething and vocal cords. The post central cortex is enlarged thesame as Area 4. In front of the primate Area 4 lie the cortex areas (pre-motor) that tellArea 4 what to do. In front of the enlarged part of human Area 4 is the Area ofBroca, the motor-speech center which controls the breathing muscles. Above AreaBroca is Wernickes Area, the speech center, a uniquely human brain center alongwith Area of Broca. Wernickes Area has direct connections to Brocas Areathrough arcuate fasciculus, a neural pathway that apes dont have anywhere intheir brain. The major difference between the human and ape cortexs is the enlargementof the hand and mouth integration areas. These areas occupy a large part of thehuman brain. In the motor half of the cerebral cortex, enlarged areas are inthe pre-motor area and Brocas Area. In the sensory half, the enlarged ares areWernickes Area and the visual area as well as the auditory cortex. IV. ExplanationsMany anthropologists believe that the differences between human and apebrains are shown through mans ability to use tools and language. Thistraditional view cannot explain why only human ancestors developed these motorskills and language abilities, that is, why nonhuman primates and other savannahmammals didnt develop these abilities. The solution may lie in the aquatic theory of human evolution, the theorythat explains why humans dont have fur, and why we have excess fat, and manyother human features.(4) There are indications that the early hominoids(ancestors to man and ape) lived in mangrove or gallery forests(5), where theyadapted to a behavior like proboscis monkeys, climbing and hanging in mangrovetrees, wading into water and swimming on the surface. In my opinion humanancestors, split from chimpazees and other apes and, instead of staying inforests like chimps, progressed with their water skills, like diving andcollecting seaweed, then adapted to waders in shallow water and finally tobipedal walkers on land. .ud64a9af65de8467aea04a71e457c9429 , .ud64a9af65de8467aea04a71e457c9429 .postImageUrl , .ud64a9af65de8467aea04a71e457c9429 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud64a9af65de8467aea04a71e457c9429 , .ud64a9af65de8467aea04a71e457c9429:hover , .ud64a9af65de8467aea04a71e457c9429:visited , .ud64a9af65de8467aea04a71e457c9429:active { border:0!important; } .ud64a9af65de8467aea04a71e457c9429 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud64a9af65de8467aea04a71e457c9429 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud64a9af65de8467aea04a71e457c9429:active , .ud64a9af65de8467aea04a71e457c9429:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud64a9af65de8467aea04a71e457c9429 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud64a9af65de8467aea04a71e457c9429 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud64a9af65de8467aea04a71e457c9429 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud64a9af65de8467aea04a71e457c9429 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud64a9af65de8467aea04a71e457c9429:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud64a9af65de8467aea04a71e457c9429 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud64a9af65de8467aea04a71e457c9429 .ud64a9af65de8467aea04a71e457c9429-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud64a9af65de8467aea04a71e457c9429:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Woman At Work EssayThe fact that human olfactory bulbs are only 44% of the chimpanzee bulb,is not compatible with African savanah life. All savanah animals have a goodolfaction. But an aquatic evolutionary phase would explain why humans have apoor sense of smell. Water animals typically have a reduced or even non-existent sense of smell.(4)The human Area 4 for the legs, feet and toes are

Spirituality and Religion in Nursing free essay sample

If it is found that cheating and/or plagiarism did take place in the writing of this paper, I understand the possible consequences of the act/s, which could include expulsion from Indiana Wesleyan University. Stephanie Shoulders September, 12, 2012 NameDate Spirituality and Religion in Nursing Spirituality is defined as a quality that transcends religious affiliation and strives for inspiration, reverence and awe, and as the inherent drive of a human being to empathize and act for others just as one would do for himself. Shakeel, 2012) Religion as a master motive whose origin is rooted in basic human desires for security and protection, but with maturity provides a comprehensive philosophy of life, meaning, a value-system, and beliefs, and practices which promote integration of life events amp; personality. (Highfield, 2012) Spirituality differs from religion because it is built based on your religion beliefs. Religion is the center of your spirituality. When I think of spirituality I think of my personal beliefs or actions based on my religion that I use in everyday life. We will write a custom essay sample on Spirituality and Religion in Nursing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Spirituality in nursing is used without thinking about it. I believe that it comes natural when taking care of patients. Holistic care is taking care of a patient as a whole, not just fixing the current diagnosis. Holistic nursing is a type of nursing that focuses on the patient as a whole, recognizing that other aspects of a patient besides their physical health can affect them and can also be part of their health. (Smith, 2012) This type of nursing requires nurses to integrate self-care, self-responsibility, spirituality, and reflection in their lives. (Smith 2012) Sometimes patients just need a caring person to listen or talk too, that is providing spiritual care. Patients my request you to pray for them or with them and that is consider spirituality. Being a nurse I sometimes don’t think about the spiritual side of nursing. When I receive a new patient I have to say that I am guilty of sometimes not assessing for spiritual needs. Spiritual needs are overlooked greatly when nurses are taking care of patients. I sometimes have to slow down to properly provide holistic nursing. When in nursing school I cannot remember instructors focusing on spirituality. Spiritualty is a touchy subject because you don’t want the patient to think that you are pushing your religious beliefs on them. As stated before I provide spiritual care every day in nursing without even thinking about it. I’m still not comfortable assessing for spiritual needs but it is something that has to be done. Working in rehab, patients comes to us very sad because they are ready to go home. Patients have to be spiritual sound to be able to participate in therapy to get better. By making sure the patient does not have anything going spiritually we can get the highest level of participation and recovery. Providing spiritual care to a patient who does not have a religion belief does not change anything for me. I still have my spirituality and religion beliefs regardless. A patient deserves to have the same care no matter what their beliefs are. A patient my still need spiritual care even if they don’t have a certain religion. Everyone has a spiritual nature that has the potential to be touched through the interventions of the humanistic nurse. (McEwan, 2004) You could listen to a patient and that is providing spiritual care. By just making a patient feel comfortable is being spiritual. I have provided spiritual needs to patients many times. I have had many different experiences providing spiritual needs to the patient. One encounter that was really touching to me was when I was fairly new nurse on the floor and I had been having this patient for many days and I took a few days off and did not have the patient when I came back work. On that day another nurse had him as a patient and had to administer blood to him. He was very nervous and voiced his concerns to me. He overheard the nurse talking that this was her first time giving blood and became more nervous. The patient asked me to come in the room with him while she started the blood. I agreed and went in and held his hand for a few minutes while the blood was getting started. It made my day because this patient made me feel like he trusted my care. This was one my first experiences providing spiritual care. Another experience was when a patient had to go over for a procedure and was very anxious. This patient had concerns about the procedure. I explained the procedure and reassured the patient it was going to be okay. The patient asked if I would pray for them while they were gone. I agreed and gave the patient a hug to comfort them before they went to the procedure. Just by doing that the patient calm down and went to the procedure safely. Spirituality and religion is a big part of nursing care. Nurses needs to be more sensitive to the patient’s holistic needs in their assessments. Nurses can better care for a patient’s spiritual needs are taken care of. Taking care of patients your spiritual or religious beliefs does not have to be compromise. Nurses have to be open minded of their patient’s beliefs. Providing spiritual care is something that I will be working to provide better holistic care to my patients.

The Simpsons Way essays

The Simpsons Way essays Its a weekly event for some, and a daily event for others. With this daily occurance you can take a half hour break to have a good laugh, explain a thought of feeling, or get a better understanding about the problems of our society. Its the fun loving cartoon family known as the Simpsons. It may or may not be your favorite show but in one way or another you can relate something in your life to this cartoon family. This is the best cartoon ever produced, and quite possibly the best show running today. The show has stayed on air for over 12 years and not only that, but it has stayed at one of the highest rated time slots of the week. There has to be something right about this show or else it would have fallen years ago. The show uses a unique blend of personalities for each character to exploit issues in our society. The Simpsons consist of a family of two adults and three children. Each character has their own identity and personality, which has been based on individuals of our society within the same family rank. Homer is the father of this family. He is the ignorant moron of the family. The days are spent at work while his evenings are spent either at his favorite bar getting drunk or sitting at home on the couch completely oblivious to his roles as a father figure. Marge, the mother is the do it all housewife. She cooks, cleans, takes care of the kids and does all the things a housewife should do. Bart is based on the saying boys will be boys, and thats exactly what he does. He finds himself doing anything mischivious, careless about school, gets along with everyone, and just seems to find trouble. Lisa is the sister of Bart. She is the studious one who has no friends, has no outside life, spending countless hours doing everything as uncool as possible. Then we are left with Magg ie who is the baby of the family. Maggie is just there. She doesnt talk, doesnt...

Criminal justice Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Criminal justice - Research Paper Example It necessitates the placement of new cultural values that tend to focus on innovation and empowerment. Though much attention had been paid to the task of identifying the requisite changes, very little effort has been put into thinking as to how to lead these transformations. Thus, transformational leadership is of much relevance in the management of existing public safety environments. Transformational/Pseudo-Transformational Leadership It is important to understand the relevance of transformational leadership in the public safety environment, as the much needed changes can only be brought about by leaders who have a clear sense of direction, and a compelling vision as to what the system expects from the much coveted transformation and change (Rickards, 2005, p. 81). Everybody expects the things to change. Yet, there are only a few leaders who have the ability to convince and convey to the public safety personnel as to how do they stand to gain by extending meaningful contributions ( Rickards, 2005, p. 81). It is a fact supported by commonsensical observation that most of the public safety agencies today are overburdened, resource deficient and to some extent de-motivated. In that context a transformational approach to leadership is one that supports novel approaches centered on innovation and change. People employed in public safety settings do hesitate to embrace change because either they feel that it may not be appreciated by their superiors or are simply oblivious of the steps that usher in change. Thus a leader should not only be one who has a vision, but the one who is also able to translate that vision into pragmatic and realistic strategies that could easily be embraced and followed by others. A transformational leader guides by example (Rickards, 2005, p. 82). A transformational leader takes the initiative to embrace change, to bring change. Public safety settings are marked by serious and real life situations and challenges that can simply not be deal t through hollow lip service. Hence, a transformational leader is one who is not only able to establish the right degree of trust in the organizational framework, but also has the infectious humor and optimism that can generate confidence in the times marked by crisis and problems (Rickards, 2005, 82). Central to transformational leadership in any organizational environment is the ability to formulate, organize and communicate a vision. Yet, the fact that is mostly overlooked in this aspect of transformational leadership is that it is also endowed with the potential and opportunities to resort to unethical behavior and misconduct (Parry & Proctor-Thomson, 2002, p. 78). The problem with the contemporary public safety organizations is not that they lack transformational leadership, but rather the fact that the harbingers of this vision are mostly inflexible and harbor an absolutist approach towards things. The vision of this nature though may be effective in the short run, yet it by i ts very nature lacks consideration and sensitivity for many important things, and is hence less effective at promoting ethical conduct within organizations, thereby negatively impacting the levels of trust (Parry & Proctor-Thomson, 2002, p. 78). If a transformational leader turns egoistic in one’s aspirations, one may direct the organizational resources and efforts towards goals that may be deemed to be

Emergence of HIV and Drug Policy Ireland and Europe Essay

Emergence of HIV and Drug Policy Ireland and Europe - Essay Example In the year 2009, the number of new HIV positive cases was 395. Along with that, the total number of persons who have tested positive for HIV, in Ireland, stood at 5,637. It is also being estimated that, in that very year (2009), the total amount spent in the region (Ireland) spent towards HIV and several other communicable ailments was a staggering â‚ ¬114 million. This is way higher than the funds that have been allotted towards the same purpose, in countries such as Japan and Italy. (1) In the year 2009, there were two deaths that are directly attributable to HIV, and along with this, the total number of people who have died as result of AIDS, in Ireland, increased to 414. (1) At this juncture, a vital fact warrants special mention. Prior to the year 1985, HIV was not considered as that serious an ailment, by the Irish people. But in that year something happened, bringing about a drastic transformation in the manner in which the populace of Ireland viewed HIV. It was in the Oct ober of 1985 that the immensely popular actor, Rock Hudson, succumbed to HIV. That in fact was the first instance of Ireland where, the life of a celebrity was cut short by this deadly condition. It was only since then that the country’s people started to comprehend the seriousness of AIDS. For about the past two decades, the rise in incidence of HIV has tremendously influenced the drug policy of Ireland, as is the case with many other zones of the globe. The drug policy is based on the key objective of successfully combating the menace of wrong use of drugs. This in fact is amongst the primary causes of HIV in the country. The drug policy is being designed so as to be conducive for bringing out strategies that encourage community participation. Also, the policy strives to educate the citizens about the manner in which the risks of contracting HIV can be significantly minimized. (2) The aforesaid strategies are also aimed at enabling coordination amongst various health agenci es that are toiling in the realm. The drug policy was successful in identifying some zones of Ireland where, the residents are with limited economic strength. It was seen that, in these locations, the menace of drug abuse is rampant, and this invariably has a higher risk of HIV, as its inevitable consequence. The drug policy aims to form specialized task forces for implementing the strategies, in these zones. As a matter of fact, some sections of the Irish Society strongly opine that, a drug policy would be displaying comprehensive success, only if it is developed in such a way that it can easily be linked with other policies of the government, in the avenue of housing, employment and education, to cite a few. (2) It was felt that if the drug policy, instead of getting linked with all the above-mentioned policies, concentrates solely on altering the behavioral patterns of specified persons, key issues such as poverty and unemployment, etc, cannot be successfully addressed. In fact, it was also noted that the policy is now adopting a holistic approach for addressing the all-important issues. (2) Role of National Aids Strategy Committee Various NGOs that were also inclusive of drug agencies first started to work in the avenue of HIV, when people utilizing their services became HIV positive. These NGOs have meets at specified

Knowledge management and innovation

Knowledge management and innovation In recent years, there are a large number of academic articles, which have been focused on the topic of knowledge management and innovation. Both academic researchers and professions seem to agree that knowledge is the most valuable asset of a firm (Garcà ­a-Muià ±a et al., 2009). Moreover, Hsiangchu and Tsai-Hsin (2002) suggested that the corporations knowledge is the main competitive advantage for a corporation. Therefore, managing knowledge in organisations could be considered as a key factor for the success in todays business world. There are four major elements in the knowledge process which includes creating knowledge, integrating knowledge, sharing knowledge and codifying knowledge (Newell et al. 2009). A study by Teece et al. (1997 cited Leiponen 2006) proposed that the creation of knowledge can have the important effects on performance of a corporation. While other researchers mentioned that creating knowledge is not great enough and comprehensive knowledge sharing and int egration of an organisation are displayed its success (Okhuysen and Eisenhardt, 2002). The goal of this paper is to review the existing literature on knowledge management and apply these theories in combination with some examples of other organisations to analyse main strategic knowledge purpose of an organisation by examining one specific case study of a biopharmaceutical company Panther Biotech The development of a radical new therapeutic for an acute inflammatory disease. It could be said that the case study provides a good example of managing knowledge and innovation in a knowledge intensive firm. Moreover, this paper will also provide an in-depth analysis of how Panther Biotech makes an effort to introduce good practices in knowledge sharing and knowledge integration in order to improve its new drug development process. Definition Knowledge According to Davenport and Prusak (1998) the definition of knowledge is described as Knowledge is a fluid mix of framed experience, values, contextual information, expert insight and grounded intuition that provides an environment and framework for evaluating and incorporating new experiences and information originates. There are a number of definitions of knowledge but this definition could be one of the most referenced definitions in the literature of this field. Moreover, different forms of knowledge such as tacit, explicit and implicit at the individual, social and organisational levels need to be considered in order to expose its potential contribution to the performance of the firm (Nonaka and Takeuchi 1995, Spender 1996). Knowledge management In today business, it could be said that most of firms show their effort to apply knowledge management in order to improve business performances or to promote innovation process. According to McIrnerney (2002), knowledge management is defined as an effort to increase useful knowledge within the firm by promoting communication, offering opportunities to learn, and promoting the sharing and transfer of appropriate knowledge. Knowledge management can be defined as the set of activities that enable the creation, storage, distribution, and application of knowledge in organizations (Chow et al. 2005). Different definitions of knowledge and its management shows the diversity of the knowledge management processes ranging from knowledge creation, sharing, integration, codification, transfer, search, storage, use and so on. Knowledge Intensive firms A Knowledge intensive firm has been defined by Alvensson (2004) as an organisation which sell knowledge-based products or the use of knowledge to the market. It can be said that the core activities of this firm based on the knowledge of a large number of employees. Innovation Verloop (2004 cited Khiji et al., 2006) describes innovation as a new idea or concept created by RD activities and successful innovation requires changes in organizational processes and transformation of an idea into a commercially useable product. Other scholar defines innovation as a process: the development and implementation of new ideas by people who over time engage in transactions with others in an institutional context (Van de Ven, 1986). Literature review of Knowledge management and Innovation The emerging of the concept of knowledge-based societies, our societies have been shifting gradually to become knowledge societies (Hsiangchu and Tsai-Hsin 2002). Emerging countries like China and India are shifting their manufacturing-based economies to knowledge-based economies, and these two countries could be the main thread to the US and Western economies. For example, China and India are the two biggest markets for IT outsourcing. An industrial-based economy transforms to the information age or knowledge-based era and products of knowledge and knowledge works are becoming main sources for firms and nations to create profits and competitive advantages (Newell et al. 2009). The major advantage of China when compare with other nations could be a plentiful supply of cheap knowledge workers. For these reasons, it could be suggested that managing knowledge and the management of knowledge workers play an important role in the success of the firms and the nations as well. During the last two decades, there has been a growing in the number of researchers which conduct their research in the field of knowledge and its management. Research on this field has been also received a successful history (Argote et al., 2003). These scholars also suggested that research on knowledge management spans many different areas such as economics, information systems and organisational behaviour and theory (Argote et al., 2003). The diversity of knowledge management research shows the great impact of this field in many disciplines thus biotechnology and pharmaceutical industry might not be stood out of this trend. Gans and Stern (2004 cited Khiji et al., 2006) suggested that biotechnology plays an important role in global industry and gradually rises with the encouragement of innovation to improve human heath and quality of life. Biotech firms may be unique among some reasons. Gans and Stern (2004 cited Khiji et al., 2006) also said that the development of a biotechnology company strongly depends on its science activities. It can be proposed that biotechnology companies are knowledge intensive firms. Nowadays, finding the answer for a question where and how knowledge is created and protected that is the challenge task for this industry and managing knowledge is also not as a basic task as before (Allarakhia and Walsh 2011). Pharmaceutical firms are more often driving partner relationships with biotech firms and research centres (Walsh et al., 2002 cited Allarakhia and Walsh 2011). Alliances between biotech companies, academic institutions and pharmaceutical companies may be the norm in this industry. It can be suggested that these alliances could help these firms get better access to fund and knowledge from their strategic partners and firms will respond to the new development and technology in faster and more flexible ways. According to Khiji et al., (2006), the average time for the whole biotech process from first investment for scientific discove ry to sell product in the market can take up to 15 years. Biotech companies often try to attract capital and partnerships in the early stages of theirs development process and with numerous attempts to find the right company partners for the next steps which can include manufacturing, product design and marketing (Khiji et al., 2006). Unfortunately, most of them fail to deal with these tasks; Gassman et al. (2004 cited Khiji et al., 2006) showed a report of these decisions with a 90% failure rate among biotech companies. This can be suggested that biotechnology is a long-term investment with high risk and firms must highly consider the role of time-sensitive decision. Additionally, despite many people believe that biotech industry has showed immense potential for growth, not many firms can share in the success. Case study 4.1 Background Panther is a biopharmaceutical company this means it develops medical products using biotechnology. Developing therapeutic technologies to improve patients heath in order to gain outstanding benefits for shareholders is the main task of Panther. It is a publicly listed company with net cash and liquid resource of $400 million, and it also creates nearly 300 jobs on the West coast of the US. Its employees are experts in the early stage of the new drug development process. All RD activities of Panther, except later stage of drug development are funded by itself. The purpose of this financial strategy is to ensure the operation of firm runs smoothly until it shows the successful of development drug in clinical trials. The funding for any later stage of drug development processes is carefully decided on a case-by-case basis. Until now Panther has taken only four development processes into clinical trials by itself. 4.2 Discussion

Gender Equality and Environmental Sustainability in Uganda’s Water Sector

GENDER EQUALITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY IN UGANDA’S WATER SECTOR. By Nandala Mike([email  protected] com) 1. 0INTRODUCTION 1. 1Essence of Gender, Gender Equality and the Environment Gender refers to the different roles, rights and responsibilities of men and women and the relationships between them, their qualities, behaviours, and identities which are determined through the process of socialisation to define their relationships with each other and with their environment.Gender equality on the other hand is a principle that equates men and women before and under the law; men and women have equal dignity (worthiness); and have equal opportunities in economic, political, cultural and social life. It is upon this background that the relationships and rights enjoyed by men and women foster decision making and activities that in turn have been affected in both the management and sustainability of the environment. It has been observed that there is an undesirable imbalanc e that has existed between men and women resulting in inadequate performance of the letter of their roles.Often this has slowed down development initiatives leading to adverse effects on the environment. 1. 2 Significancy of Water in Social and Economic Development Water is a key strategic resource, vital for sustaining life, promoting development and maintaining the environment. Access to clean and safe water and improved sanitation facilities and practices are pre-requisites to a health/population and therefore have a direct impact on the quality of life and productivity of the population.Besides domestic water supply, water is also vital for: Livestock Water Supply, Industrial Water Supply, Hydropower generation, Agriculture, Marine Transport, Fisheries, Waste Discharge, Tourism, and Environmental Conservation. Water, therefore, significantly contributes to the national socio-economic development and also poverty eradication (UNWD, 2005) Water is thus an integral part of the natu ral resources protected under the Uganda Constitution. 1. 3Government Committement.Over the last two decades, government has committed itself to the implementation of public sector reforms meant to ensure sustainable development, through legislative and policy frameworks anchored on three key policies, namely: Decentralisation, Privatisation and Divestiture; and the Poverty Eradication Action Plan (PEAP), These were intended to reduce the burden of the nation’s concern for income generating resources and practices. The PEAP was prepared in 1997 in a move to eradicate poverty as an overall national planning framework.It has since been revised through 2007/8 and based on five pillars, namely; (1) Economic management; (2) Enhancing production, competitiveness and incomes; (3) Security, conflict-resolution and disaster management; (4) Good governance and (5) Human development (PEAP 2004/5-2007/8) Water and sanitation are some of the central elements under pillar one intended to i mprove the quality of life of the poor through human development. The second pillar points out a strategy to foster production, incomes and competitiveness through water consumption and production.It also addresses actions to empower and strengthen women’s gender awareness and furthermore points out inadequacies aimed at capacity building in the application of skills, limited choice in the decisions about the nature of services received and needed by women, less efforts in community gender awareness campaigns, weaknesses among decision makers including support in supervision and monitoring thus leading to reasons for low gender responsiveness in the water sector. Which way forward?With this background, this Article addresses key policy and legal frame works in the water sector, gender and environmental impact assessment of water resources which have been developed and supported by various laws, sector performance, integration of gender into environment and sustainable develop ment, issues of particular concern, and recommendations. 2. 0Policy, Legal and Institutional Frameworks 2. 1Policy The policy objectives of the Government of Uganda for the Water and Sanitation sector are at two levels: first, the domestic consumption and secondly, water for production.At the domestic level, the objective is to provide sustainable safe water and hygienic sanitation facilities, within easy reach, based on management responsibility and ownership by users, to 77% of the population in rural areas and 100% in urban areas by year 2015. Concerning water for production, the aim is to promote development of water supply for agricultural production in order to modernise agriculture and mitigate effects of climatic variations on rain fed agriculture (MWLE, 1999).In essence, the overall policy objective is to manage and develop the water resources of Uganda in an integrated and sustainable manner, so as to secure and provide adequate quantity and quality of water for all social and economic needs of the present and future generations. The Government aims at full participation of all stakeholders with an 80-90% target for effective use and functionality of facilities. Other policy measures have also been put in place by the Environment and Natural Resources Sector Working Group which commissioned a study on the use of economic instruments for environmental management.Curbing water pollution was a key implementation factor for environmental sustainability. In 1998, the government introduced a water waste discharge fee ranging from 0 to 13 million Ugandan shillings ($0 to $7,000) in proportion to the biological oxygen demand load. The fees were meant to encourage investment in less polluting technologies. The legislation required that companies register for discharge permits before dumping industrial waste water. 2. 2Legal FrameworkThe major Instruments relevant to the Water Sector that provide the enabling legal framework for the water resources management and development in Uganda include: the Constitution, which provides the broad legal and policy framework within which all water sector legislation, policies and development plans are developed; the National Environment Act,(1995), it provides the framework for coordinated and sound management of the environment including environmental impact assessment of water resources related projects and setting water quality and effluent standards; the Local Government Act, which provides for the decentralisation of functions, powers, responsibilities and services to Local Governments; Uganda Water Action Plan (1995); the Water Resources Regulations and Waste Water Discharge Regulations (1998), providing for the regulation of water abstraction and waste water discharge through the use of permits; the National Water Policy (1999), indicating the policy framework for water resources management and development in Uganda. Other related legal policies include the National Gender Policy (1997) ; Plan for Modernisation of Agriculture (PMA) and ; Water and Sanitation Gender Strategy (2003-2008). The policies and legal framework outlined above, are forward-looking in intention, for socio-economic, development strategies of the Government of Uganda and have supported various reforms in the water sector which has enabled government, to put in good order and rationalise the country’s resource utilisation. The question is, are these policies fully implemented? What is the implementation stand at local government and community levels?There are challenges regarding definition of roles and responsibilities, capacity and coordination of men and women, as well as collaboration for improved performance especially at government and community levels (MWLE, 2005). There is also need to review some provisions of the laws to incorporate regulatory functions and allow equal participation of men and women, in the water sector. (1)Institutional and Implementation Framework The water sector i s structured at three distinct levels namely: (a) the national, (b) decentralised or local government level and (c) the micro or user level. (a)National level At the national level, a Ministry of Water, Lands and Environment (MWLE) was created in 1996 following Government restructuring of line Ministries.This institution is charged with overall responsibility for initiating national policies and setting national standards and priorities for water development and management. Two national institutions are under this Ministry: The National Water and Sewerage Corporation (NWSC) and Directorate of Water Development (DWD). At implementation level, the Water and Sanitation Sector Working Group (WSSWG) which is under the Ministry of Water and Environment (MWE) provides policy and technical guidance for sector development in the country; approves all sector programmes, including work-plans and budgets. The sector comprises representatives from ; Development Partners and Non-Governmental Orga nisations and Government.The National Water and Sewerage Corporation (NWSC), was established in 1972 with responsibility to deliver water supply and sewerage services in 15 urban centres serving 2. 1 million people. These centres are Entebbe, Kampala, Jinja /Njeru, Mbale, Tororo, Soroti, Gulu, Lira, Arua, Masaka, Mbarara, Fort Portal, Kasese, Bushenyi/Ishaka and Kabale. The Directorate of Water Development is the leading water sector agency responsible for policy guidance, setting standards, co-ordinating and monitoring, sector reporting, and undertaking sector relevant research and development. DWD is also responsible for managing water resources including provision of oversight and support services to the local governments and other water supply service providers. DWD, 1991-2001 ) Other national level institutions that play important roles in the Water and Sanitation sector include Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development (MFPED), responsible for the mobilisation and allocation of financial resources including co-ordination of donor inputs and the privatization process; Ministry of Health (MOH), for promotion of hygiene and household sanitation; Ministry of Education and Sports(MoE), charged with promotion of sanitation and hygiene education in schools; Ministry of Agriculture, Animal industry and Fisheries (MAAIF), responsible for planning, coordination and implementation of all agriculture development in the country including irrigation development, aquaculture, and livestock development ; Ministry of Gender and Social Development, which addresses gender responsive development and community mobilisation; and NGOs working in the sector. (b)District level The District and Local Government levels as a whole, are responsible for the provision and management of water and sanitation services in rural areas and urban areas outside the jurisdiction of NWSC, in liaison with DWD. Their functions, responsibilities and powers differ according to the degr ee of decentralization so far implemented for both rural and urban water. Planning, implementation and operational management of water and sanitation activities in major towns remain the function of NWSC. However, of 143 small towns with a population of 1. million, 66 have been gazette as water supply areas, 61 of these have operational piped water supplies and schemes, of which 57 are managed by private sector water operators. Planning and implementation for water supply systems in small towns is still centralized at national level (MWLE 2005). Operation and maintenance is decentralised to the urban authorities and private operators through public-private partnership arrangements. The district water offices operate within the overall framework of the district local councils. The district offices are staffed with a multi- skilled team, in planning, hygiene education and social aspects. The district water team reports to the Works and Technical/Services sub-committees of their respec tive local governments.At county level, technical officers have been posted to facilitate planning and supervision of construction works and overseeing maintenance of installed supplies. The communities are responsible for demanding for, planning, operating and maintaining water and sanitation facilities. (c)The Micro or User level At sub-county level, planning, implementation and operation and maintenance of the rural water and sanitation facilities are organised. These communities are also obliged to pay for urban water and sanitation services provided by NWSC and other service providers. Development of low-cost technology options such as springs, shallow wells, rainwater-harvesting tanks and school latrines are undertaken.The district water office and national level technical teams support the sub-counties to carry out water resources assessment to identify potential areas for water development and sanitation services. The sub-counties assess the demand for water and sanitation s ervices by the communities. This is based on population size and location and functionality of the existing facilities. At community level, the citizens are supposed to participate in the planning, financing, implementation, monitoring and control of community water and sanitation development. Communities submit requests/applications to the sub county for support towards water improvements. These are then forwarded to the district However, the level of community participation is less than the partnership, which it is meant to be.Women who are majority users of Water resources constitute only a handful of people, dominated by men in accessing and managing these resources. The initial programme design and implementation under many previous projects does not fully address gender equity participation. 3. 0Integration of gender into Environment and sustainable development in the water sector In order to avert the rapid degradation of the environment, Uganda developed a National Environme nt Action Plan (NEAP), 1995, that adapted a gender approach in planning the long-term investment of managing the natural resources in the country. The NEAP makes a strong commitment to addressing environment problems and to sustainable development in a comprehensive manner.The plan also argues for participatory approaches to environmental planning and the integration of gender analysis. The Uganda National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) is charged with formulating national environment policies and providing guidance in the implementation, including environment impact assessment, and environment education and training in environment management. The main purpose of incorporating gender in the environment management policies was to enable men and women perform their duties in the best cost effective methods which will conserve the environment, accelerate sustainable development that would improve people’s way of living.To achieve the above objectives there was need to f ormulate activities, which would contribute to the integrated promotion of sustainable livelihoods and environmental protection, covering various sectoral interventions involving a range of actors, from decentralised or local government level to lower levels, that are essential at every stage especially at the grassroots levels in the rural areas with special emphasis on the disadvantaged groups like women and youths. 4. 0ISSUES OF PARTICULAR CONCERN 4. 1Equitable access to water supply Access to safe drinking water is a basic human right and essential for achieving gender equality and sustainable development. Most households, especially at community levels do not have adequate access to water and the children and especially women, walk long distances to fetch water for domestic use.Water near the home contribute significant improvements in nutrition and health. The carrying of water over long distances is a health hazard. During daily water collection, women and girls face the risk of rape and injuries from attacks. A major issue associated with poor water supply and sanitation is a case with the Internally Displaced Persons(IDPs) camps, in Northern Uganda which involves high risks of sexual violence and abuses committed primarily against women and girls, a danger often caused by insufficient water supply and sanitation facilities within the camps which prompt movements to get water from far areas and at homes poor hygienic conditions.Over crowding, poor water pressure and broken water pumps accelerate the crisis (Diane Paul, 2006) Access to fresh water and sanitation therefore, does not only improve the health of a family, but it also provides an opportunity for girls to go to school, and for women to use their time more productively than in fetching water. Women in most cases are primarily responsible for the use and management of water resources, sanitation and health at the household level. Over the years, women have accumulated an impressive store of env ironmental wisdom, being the ones to find water, to educate children in hygiene matters and to understand the impact of poor sanitation on health and the environment.Very often the decision about location of water sources, types of water sources, and who will maintain the operation of the facilities are made without consulting women resulting in no-one taking responsibility. Men, who mainly dominate the operations and maintenance of facilities in the water sector often do not fully implement decisions and actions thus the need to involve more women. 4. 2Equitable access to land rights and water for productive use Equitable access to water for productive use empowers women and addresses the root causes of gender inequality. Lack of access (ownership) to land, is seen as an underlying cause of women’s limited access to water.In Uganda, women technically have little control and ownership on land under customary law in many of the Uganda ethnic societies statutory (national) law, there is, however, no discrimination. According to MFPED (2006), women own only 7% of the registered land in Uganda, a situation which affects gender mainstreaming in the Water sector, as women lack control over resources and therefore have limited decision making over issues like the silting of water sources, maintenance of broken pumps/taps/damaged bore holes/ water tanks and use of water for production. Land ownership is a precondition for access to water. Thus, land reforms that allocated legal land tenure to the heads of households or permanent agricultural workers (who are generally male) resulted in women losing any legal claim to water.There is need of water for a range of small scale economic enterprises, like: home gardens in peri-urban areas ; growing fruits; poultry farming; preparing food, (which are some times overlooked in agricultural statistics). Overall, the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) reports an increasing â€Å"feminisation of agriculture† due to wars, pandemics and the exodus of men seeking paid work in urban areas. Also mentioned is the fact that women are heads of an increasing number of rural households in the developing world and find themselves in the position of managing farm land and providing for their families alone, without legal rights to water and land. 4. 3Equity and Participation in the management of resources in the water sector The management of water resources has been mainly male dominated.Men occupy a bigger portion in careers and training in water management than do women. Social barriers tend to restrict women’s participation in public consultations that can influence policies on water at all levels of water management. This prevents women voices from being effectively heard, particularly with respect to their environmental concerns and also results to limited effectiveness of water, sanitation and hygiene promotion efforts . Usually it is men who make the decisions over water management and sanitation issues and yet it is women who are usually in greater need for sanitation privacy and responsible for water, sanitation and hygiene.It is worth noting that the process of formulating the Water and Sanitation Sub-Sector Strategy (2010/11-2014/15), which began in 2003-2008 (Water Sector Gender Strategy-WSGS,WSGS ), served as the first strategic framework for implementing Uganda’s National Gender Strategy within the powers of the Ministry of Water and Environment (MWE). The WSGS I was developed in response to the various international commitments made by the Government of Uganda regarding gender equality and the National Gender Policy (1997). The strategy was aimed at developing and empowering approaches that would enhance gender equity, participation and access to and control of resources in the water sector.The strategy further put emphasis on both internal and external gender mainstreaming including building capacity for gender planning, monitoring and evaluation; strengthening the capacities of partners and executing bodies for mainstreaming; and committing adequate resources for gender related activities. This is an outstanding move with good intentions of formulating gender equity and participation but unless the Ministry of Water and Environment comprehensively and consistently puts focus on gender concerns, gender mainstreaming in the water sector will not penetrate deeply into matters of policy and legislation. 4. 4Issues on Sanitation Sanitation refers to the drainage and disposal of sewage. The need to dispose human excreta appropriately is an environmental and social concern in the country. Ignoring it posses adverse impacts on environment cost and on health.Lack of sanitation and poor hygiene are responsible for the transmission of diseases such as cholera, typhoid and other parasitic infections. These diseases have a big negative impact on the health and nutrition of communities especially the children. A focus on gender difference s is of particular importance with regard to sanitation facilities which needs the attention of women to play crucial roles in influencing the hygiene behaviours of children, and men too can serve as role models in sustaining changes in disposal habits. Hence the success and effective use of water and sanitation facilities largely depend on the involvement of both women and men in selecting the location and technology of such facilities, and taking responsibility for operation and maintenance.Sanitation concerns are mainly emphasized in urban and peri-urban centres and less priotised in the villages or lower communities/households. It is only under the urban and peri-urban strategies that water is directly linked to sanitation. The number of latrines at community level tend to be less as compared to size of the families needed to access them. Latrines are usually household initiatives sometimes rudimentary in nature. The water sector supply systems are relatively well developed and have mechanisms for delivery whenever necessary as compared to sanitation mostly at community level. There seems to be no well-developed mechanism for sanitation service delivery even at household level. Investment in water supply is highly priotised than sanitation.The reasons why sanitation prioritisation is not key in the water and sanitation sector is because of the difficulty of estimating the sanitation measures especially for rural sanitation where the latrines are merely rudimental with varying degrees of safety which makes it difficult to tag costs of improvements, rehabilitation or construction of such facilities including lack of political commitment to sanitation. It was therefore easy to omit household sanitation and concentrate on institutional sanitation (MWLE 2005). 5. 0Linkages OF GENDER EQUITY with PEAP Goals Gender mainstreaming and improved access to water supply has two potential benefits; improved service delivery and health. Gender equity in the sector offers better services in the management and maintenance while water-born diseases are important issues of the disease burden in Uganda.The sector goals are in line with PEAP goals as well as the Millennium Development Goals(MDGs). For example, the goals aim at the importance of gender in areas of agricultural production, legal discrimination and wood fuel, shortage of sustainable safe water supply and sanitation facilities, based on management responsibility and ownership by the users. It furthermore mentions inadequacies realised in the capacity to apply gender analysis skills, limited gender awareness among the communities, bureaucratic resistance in decision making and weak support in monitoring and supervision of sector activities as the reasons for low gender responsiveness. 6. 0Implementation ChallengesThe Poverty Eradication Action Plan identifies the importance of gender mainstreaming in all interventions which include policy planning, formulation, guiding public actions to eradic ate poverty and points out inadequacies in applying gender analysis skills, limited gender awareness among the communities, bureaucratic resistance among decision makers and weak support in supervision and monitoring. However, the importance of gender equity is not emphasised in the water and sanitation sector major implementation polices. Focus is targeted on poverty alleviation as an overall concern than gender. This limits coverage on gender issues and implementation. The insurgency in some northeast parts of the country and most especially northern Uganda, not only delays implementation, but also contributes to destruction of existing facilities. This contributes to delays in achieving the targets and the goals of the sector and PEAP.Community gender involvement, while it is a good input for environmental sustainability, remains difficult to attain. Attempts have been made to involve the men and women in planning ,maintenance of water and sanitation facilities . The methodologie s require a lot of skills and patience, qualities that are still lacking among the sub-county level civil servants. Women and the youth involvement remains limited as no major efforts have been made to involve them in planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation. 7. 0The way forward The paper has identified some challenges in transforming the water sector to achieve effective and sustainable services for both men and women.Issues concerning gender and their roles in development process and thus environment have not been given adequate attention by development planners. Women are now viewed as a useful resource to be integrated into development process, thus rendering the projects more efficient and successful. What is the way forward for Uganda to ensure that gender issues are mainstreamed in environment and development plans, projects and actions? 8. 0Issues to be addressed (1)Having water points nearer the homestead will reduce the distance women and girls have to walk, thu s allowing time for other activities, including training, childcare, growing food and income generation.The latter could include construction and management of water and sanitation facilities. (2)It is essential that both women and men be involved in decision making processes regarding the provision, location and technology of water and sanitation facilities in the community and household. (3)Government should also address perceived inequalities between women and men through reviewing laws and policies that discriminate against women and also urge Non Government Organisations(NGOs) and the private sector to champion women’s cause, which might increase women access to land and more decision-making powers. (4)Women groups should be accorded recognition as citizens, land holders and contributors to the development process.They need to have secure access to land and water for domestic use, in addition to productive use in farming including small scale industries. (5)Incorporate g ender analysis into all development plans, projects and actions, by encouraging the development of new skills and expertise within an Integrated Water Resources Management framework, linking social and gender aspects with the ecological, technical and economic dimensions of water management with special attention at community level. (6)The water sector should change the attitude of value system in favour of only men, and develop positive perceptions about women as competent professionals just like their male counterparts. 7)Capacity building for all women should be geared towards effective participation in local governances and sustainable development. Women politicians should be strengthened to enable them represent women interests regarding water and sanitation management and maintenance. (8)The water sector should fill all established posts equitably for better performance. It has been found that projects in which women and men have an equal say have a better chance for sustainab ility and success because they cater for the needs of every one. (9)The legislation on industrial water discharge permits be amended to require all companies / major water polluters to register for discharge permits. 10)A specific percentage of investment in water supply should be dedicated to promotion of sanitation and hygiene initiatives for the welfare of the users and protection of the environment. 9. 0Conclusion The water and sanitation sector has developed elaborate mechanisms and capacity at national, district and community levels for planning and managing sector activities which includes gender and environment issues to a large extent. However, in order to address strategic gender needs, there is a need to introduce fundamental changes in ideologies and power structures, behavioral attitudes, in government, organisations, companies and involve individuals both men and women.